Scientific Research on Aromatherapy

Explore the fascinating world of aromatherapy through scientific research, uncovering its therapeutic potential in enhancing health and well-being.

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Research Publications on Clary Sage Aromatherapy for Cramp Ease

Aromatherapy, particularly involving essential oils like lavender, clary sage, and rose, has been demonstrated to significantly reduce menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea, offering an effective alternative to traditional pain relief methods.

Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial; Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2006; Link

The study explored the effects of aromatherapy on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea in 67 female college students, using a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Participants were divided into an experimental group receiving aromatherapy with lavender, clary sage, and rose oils in almond oil, a placebo group with almond oil only, and a control group with no treatment. Results showed significant reductions in menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea severity in the aromatherapy group compared to placebo and control groups. The findings suggest that aromatherapy is an effective method for easing menstrual cramps and can be incorporated into nursing care for women experiencing dysmenorrhea.
Aromatic Abdominal Massage for Alleviating Menstrual Painin Nursing Students at Suez Canal University Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2018; Link
This study assessed the impact of aromatic abdominal massage using lavender and clary sage essential oils in almond oil on menstrual pain among 106 nursing students at Suez Canal University. Divided into an experimental group and a control group, participants received massages and were evaluated using a Rating Analogue Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results showed a significant reduction in menstrual pain intensity in the experimental group compared to the control, particularly noted in the first cycle post-intervention. The study concludes that aromatic abdominal massage with these essential oils effectively alleviates menstrual pain, recommending its incorporation into nursing practices for pain relief during menstruation.

The Use of Clary Sage in Women's Health: An Integrative Review; Bethel University, 2022; Link

The study focuses on the use of clary sage (Salvia sclarea), a commonly utilized essential oil in women's health, investigating its efficacy and safety across various conditions. By reviewing literature from databases like CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar up to February 2022, the study examines clary sage's impact through the lens of Levine’s Conservation Model, aiming to enhance women's physical and emotional well-being. The review of 25 relevant articles highlights clary sage's benefits in six key areas: labor, postpartum recovery, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual pain, autonomic nervous system regulation, and psychological well-being. The findings suggest that clary sage effectively manages menstrual and labor pain, enhances labor contractions, and offers relief from stress, tension, anxiety, and depression. It also has a calming effect on the autonomic nervous system. Notably, clary sage is deemed safe for use, with no adverse effects reported in the reviewed literature. This comprehensive analysis supports healthcare providers in offering evidence-based guidance on clary sage aromatherapy and massage as individualized, low-intervention options for addressing specific health needs and preferences in women's health care.

Clary sage essential oil and its biological activitiesAdvances in Traditional Medicine, 2020; Link

The results of investigation exhibited that the chemical composition of clary sage influenced from various ecological, geographical and environmental conditions, but linalool and linalyl acetate is known as main components of clary sage oil. Clary sage oil is used in aromatherapy for women during the menstrual cycle, childbirth and menopause. The modern clinical investigations confirmed the efficacy of clary sage oil as anti-stress, anti-depression and analgesic agents in primary dysmenorrhea. The anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of clary sage have been confirmed. Furthermore, clary sage oil is known as safe oil with no adverse effects.

Clinical AromatherapyThe Nursing Clinics Of North America, 2020; Link

Clary sage is an herbaceous perennial in the plant family Lamiaceae with a history of petal and flowers used as an herb. The essential oil of clary sage is used in perfumes and muscatel flavoring in wines and liqueur. This essential oil is used as an antidepressant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac and for calming the nervous system, relaxing the uterus, and stimulating the blood flow.

    Research Publications on Clary Sage Aromatherapy for Stress Relief

    Comprehensive reviews and studies underscore clary sage's wide-ranging benefits in women's health, highlighting its effectiveness in managing menstrual pain, labor contractions, and providing relief from stress, anxiety, and depression. Its therapeutic properties are attributed to its key components, supporting its use in aromatherapy for various women's health conditions without adverse effects.

    Effects of Aromatherapy on the Stress Response of College Women with Dysmenorrhea during Menstruation; Korean Society of Nursing Science, 2002; Link

    The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing stress responses during the menstrual period among college women experiencing dysmenorrhea. Utilizing a randomized, single-blind, pretest-posttest design, 60 participants were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received aromatherapy massage with a 3% dilution of essential oils (Lavender, Clary sage, and Rose), a first control group (placebo) that received almond oil massage, and a second control group that did not receive any treatment. Stress response levels were measured using a 94-item Symptom of Stress (SOS) scale both before the treatment at the onset of menstruation and after the treatment on the first day of the following menstrual cycle. The results indicated a significant reduction in stress response scores in the experimental group compared to both control groups, with no notable difference observed between the two control groups. This outcome suggests that aromatherapy, specifically with the essential oils of Lavender, Clary sage, and Rose, can be an effective method for managing stress responses associated with menstruation in college women suffering from dysmenorrhea.

    The Use of Clary Sage in Women's Health: An Integrative Review; Bethel University; 2022

    The study focuses on the use of clary sage (Salvia sclarea), a commonly utilized essential oil in women's health, investigating its efficacy and safety across various conditions. By reviewing literature from databases like CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar up to February 2022, the study examines clary sage's impact through the lens of Levine’s Conservation Model, aiming to enhance women's physical and emotional well-being. The review of 25 relevant articles highlights clary sage's benefits in six key areas: labor, postpartum recovery, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual pain, autonomic nervous system regulation, and psychological well-being. The findings suggest that clary sage effectively manages menstrual and labor pain, enhances labor contractions, and offers relief from stress, tension, anxiety, and depression. It also has a calming effect on the autonomic nervous system. Notably, clary sage is deemed safe for use, with no adverse effects reported in the reviewed literature. This comprehensive analysis supports healthcare providers in offering evidence-based guidance on clary sage aromatherapy and massage as individualized, low-intervention options for addressing specific health needs and preferences in women's health care.

    Clary sage essential oil and its biological activitiesAdvances in Traditional Medicine, 2020; Link

    The results of investigation exhibited that the chemical composition of clary sage influenced from various ecological, geographical and environmental conditions, but linalool and linalyl acetate is known as main components of clary sage oil. Clary sage oil is used in aromatherapy for women during the menstrual cycle, childbirth and menopause. The modern clinical investigations confirmed the efficacy of clary sage oil as anti-stress, anti-depression and analgesic agents in primary dysmenorrhea. The anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of clary sage have been confirmed. Furthermore, clary sage oil is known as safe oil with no adverse effects.

    Clinical AromatherapyThe Nursing Clinics Of North America, 2020; Link

    Clary sage is an herbaceous perennial in the plant family Lamiaceae with a history of petal and flowers used as an herb. The essential oil of clary sage is used in perfumes and muscatel flavoring in wines and liqueur. This essential oil is used as an antidepressant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac and for calming the nervous system, relaxing the uterus, and stimulating the blood flow.

      Research Publications on Lavender Aromatherapy for Menopause

      Explore the benefits of lavender aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms through various studies and clinical trials. These research efforts highlight the effectiveness of lavender in reducing menopause-related symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and psychological stress. Clinical trials and systematic reviews demonstrate significant improvements in both physical and psychological states of menopausal women, underscoring lavender's potential as a non-invasive and natural remedy. However, further high-quality research is suggested to solidify these findings and optimize treatment protocols. Discover more about how lavender aromatherapy can enhance the well-being of menopausal women across different cultures and settings.

      The effects of lavender aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms: a single-blind randomizedplacebo-controlled clinical trial; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2018; Link

      This clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms in women. Conducted at Navvab Safavi healthcare center in Isfahan, Iran, 70 women were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving 2% lavender essential oil or a placebo group using distilled water. Participants applied two drops of their assigned liquid on a paper towel attached to their collar before sleep for four weeks. Menopausal symptoms were evaluated using the Kupperman Menopausal Index at baseline and weekly post-intervention up to four weeks. Results indicated a significant reduction in menopausal symptoms in both groups over time, with the intervention group experiencing a significantly greater decrease compared to the placebo group from the second week onward. This study concludes that lavender aromatherapy effectively alleviates menopausal symptoms, suggesting it as a viable option to enhance the health and well-being of menopausal women.

      Does aromatherapy with lavender affect physical and psychological symptoms of menopausal women? A systematic review and meta-analysis; Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2020; Link

      This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of lavender aromatherapy on physical and psychological symptoms in menopausal women. Analyzing data from 16 interventional studies involving 1092 participants, the meta-analysis included eight studies with 493 participants. Significant improvements were observed in menopausal symptoms, sleep quality, and blood pressure. Aromatherapy positively impacted sexual function, self-esteem, anxiety, and hot flashes, but had adverse effects on lipid profiles, specifically increasing triglycerides and decreasing high-density lipoprotein. The evidence supporting lavender's benefits was deemed poor in quality, and further research was recommended to confirm these findings and explore potential adverse effects. The study underscores the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aromatherapy in alleviating menopausal symptoms.

      Effect of Lavender on Sleep, Sexual Desire, Vasomotor, Psychological and Physical Symptom among Menopausal and Elderly Women: A Systematic Review; Journal of Menopausal Medicine, 2019; Link

      This systematic review examines the effect of lavender on various symptoms in menopausal and elderly women, including sleep quality, sexual desire, vasomotor, psychological, and physical symptoms. Utilizing data from five electronic databases up to March 10, 2018, the study involved randomized controlled trials with no language restrictions. The findings indicate that lavender, whether in capsule form or used as aromatherapy, significantly improves sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and positively affects sexual function, depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms. Notably, 66.7% to 70.0% of participants reported enhanced feelings of relaxation and happiness from lavender use. Despite promising results, the conclusions are cautioned due to study limitations such as small sample sizes and lack of diverse treatment comparisons. This review underscores lavender's potential as a non-hormonal therapy for alleviating menopausal symptoms but suggests further research to confirm these findings.

      Effect of lavender aromatherapy on menopause hot flushing: A crossover randomized clinical trial; Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 2016; Link

      This study assessed the impact of lavender aromatherapy on menopause-related flushing, a prevalent symptom affecting quality of life but not posing health risks. Conducted on 100 menopausal women aged 45–55 in Ardabil, Iran, this double-blinded crossover clinical trial divided participants into intervention (lavender) and control (diluted milk) groups. Lavender aroma was administered for 20 minutes twice daily over 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS with Chi-square and t-tests. Results showed no significant demographic differences between groups initially; however, post-intervention, the lavender group experienced a significant reduction in flushing compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The study concluded that lavender aromatherapy effectively decreases menopause flushing, offering a safe, noninvasive treatment option that enhances menopausal women's quality of life.

      The Effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on the Symptoms of Menopause; Journal of the National Medical Association, 2018; Link

      This research evaluates the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy in alleviating menopause symptoms. Conducted as a double-blind crossover clinical trial, it involved 100 menopausal women aged between 45 and 55 in Ardabil during 2013-14. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one receiving lavender aromatherapy and the other a diluted milk placebo. Each subject inhaled lavender aroma twice daily for 20 minutes over 12 weeks. Symptom levels were measured using the Green questionnaire, with data analysis performed using SPSS v.16 and paired t-tests. Results showed a significant reduction in menopause symptoms in the experimental group compared to the control group, with a noted decrease after the lavender treatment (P = 0.000). The study concludes that lavender aromatherapy effectively reduces menopause symptoms, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic option in treatment centers to enhance the quality of life for menopausal women.

        Research Publications on Lavender Aromatherapy for Menstrual Pain

        Lavender aromatherapy has consistently shown to be effective in reducing menstrual pain and the severity of symptoms associated with primary dysmenorrhea.

        Across several studies, inhalation and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil have significantly decreased pain levels, as measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS), indicating a potent, natural treatment option for menstrual discomfort.

        These findings highlight lavender's potential as a cost-effective, safe, and simple intervention for managing dysmenorrhea, supporting its integration into care practices for female teenagers and women experiencing menstrual pain.

        Lavender Aromatherapy on Alleviating Menstrual Pain in Female Teenagers: A Case Study on Polanharjo Klaten; Proceedings Of The 2nd Health Science International Conference, 2020; Link

        The study found that lavender aromatherapy significantly decreased the level of menstrual pain among the teenagers involved. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pain before and after the aromatherapy, with results showing a decrease from a mean of 3.69 to 2.06. The statistical analysis indicated a highly significant reduction in pain (P = 0.000), suggesting that lavender aromatherapy effectively alleviates menstrual pain.

        The clinical efficacy of lavender oil inhalation on intensity of menstrual pain from primary dysmenorrhea; J Herbmed Pharmacol, 2019; Link

        This study demonstrated that inhaling Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil significantly reduced the intensity of menstrual pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea over a period of 48 hours. The pain reduction was quantified using the visual analogue scale (VAS), with a mean reduction of 2.92±0.2, which was statistically significant (P<0.001). The study concluded that lavender inhalation can be considered a cost-effective and side-effect-free treatment for primary dysmenorrhea.

        The Effect of Lavender Aromatherapy on the Pain Severity of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Triple-blind Randomized Clinical Trial; Annals Of Medical And Health Sciences Research, 2016; Link

        The study found that using lavender aromatherapy for two menstrual cycles significantly reduced the severity of pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure pain severity, and a notable difference was observed between the treatment and control groups, with the treatment group experiencing significantly less pain after the intervention (P < 0.01). The conclusion was that lavender aromatherapy is an effective method for decreasing the severity of menstrual pain.

        The effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on severity of primary dysmenorrhea in Arsanjan students; Iranian Journal Of Nursing And Midwifery Research, 2015; Link

        This study indicated that aromatherapy massage with lavender oil resulted in a significant decrease in the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used before and after the intervention, revealing that lavender massage was more effective than placebo massage in reducing pain levels (P < 0.001). The findings suggest that lavender oil massage can be an effective herbal remedy for primary dysmenorrhea.

        Effect of lavender inhalation on the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and the amount of menstrual bleeding: A randomized clinical trial; Complementary Therapies In Medicine, 2014; Link

        According to this study, inhaling lavender significantly alleviated the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. While the amount of menstrual bleeding was reduced in the lavender group compared to the placebo group, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.25). The study concluded that lavender inhalation could be recommended by midwives due to its effectiveness, safety, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness.

        Research Publications on Lavender Aromatherapy for Mood Improvement

        Does lavender aromatherapy alleviate premenstrual emotional symptoms?: a randomized crossover trialBiopsychosocial Medicine, 2013; Link

        Key findings regarding the benefits of lavender for mood include: Enhancement of Parasympathetic Activity: Inhalation of lavender significantly increased high-frequency power in heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity, which is often associated with relaxation and stress reduction. Reduction of Depression and Confusion: The study reported significant decreases in the depression-dejection and confusion subscales of the Profile of Mood States (POMS), suggesting that lavender aromatherapy can alleviate feelings of sadness and mental disarray often experienced during the premenstrual phase. Sustained Effect: The mood-improving effects of lavender were observed to last for at least 35 minutes after the aroma stimulation, indicating a lasting benefit following inhalation.

          Research Publications on Lavender Aromatherapy for Sleep Quality Improvement

          Lavender aromatherapy has shown significant potential in improving sleep quality among midlife women with insomnia, evidenced by decreased scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

          While existing literature provides promising evidence of lavender's efficacy in managing sleep disorders across diverse populations, the need for more rigorous and prolonged clinical studies is emphasized to solidify evidence-based conclusions regarding its impact and underlying mechanisms.

          The effect of lavender aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system in midlife women with insomnia; Evidence-Based Complementary And Alternative Medicine, 2012; Link

          Participants in the experimental group reported a significant improvement in their sleep quality after receiving lavender aromatherapy. This was measured using the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI), where a notable decrease in the score was observed, reflecting better sleep.

          A critical review on clinical evidence of the efficacy of lavender in sleep disordersPhytother Res, 2022; Link

          This critical review provides promising evidence of the lavender efficacy for sleep disorders in a wide variety of populations and diseases. However, further clinical studies with robust design and longer durations of intervention are necessary for more evidence-based judgment on its effect on sleep problems and to investigate its mechanism of action.

          Research Publications on Peppermint for Nausea

          Mint aroma has been shown to significantly reduce nausea and vomiting symptoms in pregnant women, although it does not impact maternal anxiety levels. Peppermint, in various forms, is utilized for its therapeutic benefits across different patient populations, including pediatric and hospitalized patients, for conditions like abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and nausea.

          A study on hospitalized patients demonstrated that inhaled peppermint essential oil effectively alleviates nausea and vomiting, either as a standalone treatment or alongside antiemetics, with a significant portion of patients preferring peppermint aromatherapy alone. These findings underscore the potential of mint and peppermint aromatherapy as a non-invasive, patient-preferred option for managing nausea and vomiting.

          Effect of mint aroma on nausea, vomiting and anxiety in pregnant women; J Family Med Prim Care., 2019; Link

          This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mint aroma on nausea, vomiting, and anxiety in pregnant women. In a quasi-experimental intervention with 66 pregnant women experiencing mild to moderate nausea and vomiting, participants were divided into two groups. One group inhaled mint aroma, while the control group used sesame oil, twice daily for a week. Using the Rhodes Nausea and Vomiting questionnaire and the State Anxiety Inventory Scale (STAI), assessments were made before and after the intervention. Results indicated a significant improvement in the severity of nausea and vomiting in the mint group compared to the control group, but no significant changes were observed in maternal state anxiety levels. Overall, while mint aroma significantly reduced nausea and vomiting symptoms during pregnancy, it did not affect the women's state anxiety.

          Therapeutic Uses of Peppermint -A Review; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Preview publication details, 2015; Link

          Peppermint is taken internally as a tea, tincture, oil, or extract, and applied externally as a rub or liniment. It is often used in pediatric patients for treating abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea and symptomatic relief of coughs and colds.

          Peppermint Essential Oil for Nausea and Vomiting in Hospitalized Patients: Incorporating Holistic Patient Decision Making Into the Research Design; J Holist Nurs., 2021; Link

          This study investigated the effectiveness of inhaled peppermint essential oil on nausea and vomiting (N/V) in hospitalized patients, comparing it to the use of combined aromatherapy with antiemetics, or antiemetics alone. In total, 103 patients were allowed to choose their preferred treatment to ensure a holistic approach. However, due to low enrollment, the antiemetic-only group was excluded from analysis, leaving 100 patients in the final evaluation. Patients self-rated their nausea on a scale from 0 to 10 at the onset of symptoms and again within 60 minutes after receiving treatment. Results showed a significant improvement in nausea scores across the sample after receiving aromatherapy with or without antiemetics. Specifically, patients who used only the peppermint aromatherapy experienced a more significant improvement compared to those in the combined treatment group. Overall, 65% of the patients chose to use only the peppermint essential oil for relief. The study concluded that peppermint essential oil is an effective stand-alone or complementary treatment for N/V in hospitalized patients. It also highlighted the importance of considering patient preference in research designs, especially in areas where a placebo might not align with holistic care principles.

            Research Publications on Peppermint for Headaches

            Peppermint oil, known for its analgesic properties, can significantly alleviate headache symptoms through mechanisms such as cooling the skin, altering calcium channels in cold receptors, and inhibiting substances like serotonin that cause smooth muscle contractions. 

            Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms; Phytomedicine, 1995; Link

            The use of peppermint oil for headaches is based on its analgesic properties. It creates a cooling effect on the skin by altering the calcium channels in cold receptors and has been found to inhibit serotonin and substance P, which are known to cause smooth muscle contractions. Additionally, peppermint oil can increase blood flow on the forehead when applied locally. A study with 32 healthy subjects, conducted in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over design, tested the effects of preparations containing varying concentrations of peppermint and eucalyptus oils combined with ethanol. The substances were applied to the forehead and temples and their effects were measured against baseline conditions. Results showed that while the combination of peppermint and eucalyptus oils with ethanol improved cognitive performance and had a relaxing effect, it did not significantly affect pain sensitivity. However, a significant reduction in headache sensitivity was achieved by using a combination of peppermint oil and ethanol. These findings suggest that peppermint oil can play a role in addressing mechanisms related to clinical headache syndromes. The study recommends that further research, comparing essential oil preparations to standard analgesics, be conducted to evaluate their efficacy in a clinical setting.

            Therapeutic Uses of Peppermint -A Review; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Preview publication details, 2015; Link

            Peppermint or mentha piperta is a common herb that is grown in Europe and north America. The oil of ppepermint has been used for various purposes since time imemoriable, to treat headache, common cold, neuralgia etc.

              Research Publications on Peppermint for Cramps

              Therapeutic Uses of Peppermint -A Review; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Preview publication details, 2015; Link

              Peppermint oil is used to relieve menstrual cramps. Peppermint oil is also used externally for neuralgia, myalgia, headaches, migraines and chicken pox.

                Research Publications on Peppermint for Focus, Alertness, and Cognition

                Recent research has investigated the multifaceted effects of peppermint aroma on cognitive functions, mood, and alertness across various settings. Collectively, these studies highlight peppermint's potential to positively influence cognitive performance and psychological well-being in diverse environments.

                Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang; International Journal of Neuroscience, 2008; Link

                This study explores the effects of essential oil aromas on cognition and mood, focusing specifically on the impact of peppermint aroma. One hundred and forty-four volunteers were assigned to three groups: those exposed to ylang-ylang aroma, peppermint aroma, or a no aroma control. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Cognitive Drug Research computerized assessment battery, complemented by mood scales assessed before and after testing. The results showed that peppermint significantly enhanced memory and increased alertness compared to the control and ylang-ylang, which actually impaired memory and slowed processing speed. These findings underscore the potential of peppermint aroma to positively affect cognitive functions and alertness, supporting the idea that essential oil aromas can significantly influence human behavior through both pharmacological and psychological mechanisms.

                Effect of Peppermint Aroma on Short Term Memory and Cognition in Healthy Volunteers; International Journal of Physiology, 2020; Link

                This pilot study evaluated the effects of peppermint aroma on psychomotor skills and cognitive functions. Participants underwent a series of psychomotor and cognitive tests conducted in the morning hours. The results indicated a significant improvement in visual and auditory reaction times, with p-values of <0.01 and 0.005, respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) frequency and short-term memory tests. Notably, the counting number test showed a remarkable improvement, suggesting that even brief exposure to peppermint aroma can significantly enhance concentration and mathematical function.

                Effects of Peppermint and Cinnamon Odor Administration on Simulated Driving Alertness, Mood and Workload.; North American Journal of Psychology, 2009; Link

                This study investigates the effects of peppermint and cinnamon odors on driver alertness, performance, and fatigue during simulated driving scenarios. Participants were exposed to three different conditions: peppermint, cinnamon, and a non-odor control, with odors delivered intermittently via an oxygen concentrator. The findings suggest that both peppermint and cinnamon significantly enhance alertness and reduce feelings of frustration and temporal demand during driving. Specifically, peppermint also decreased anxiety and fatigue. The study concludes that periodic administration of these scents could help maintain driver alertness and potentially reduce accidents and fatalities on highways.

                  Research Publications on Rose Aromatherapy for PMS management

                  Rosa damascena, or Damask rose, has been studied for its effectiveness in managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) through aromatherapy, showing significant alleviation of PMS symptoms across psychological, physical, and social domains.

                  Evaluation of aromatherapy with essential oils of Rosa damascena for the management of premenstrual syndrome; International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2018; Link

                  The study investigated the effectiveness of Rosa damascena, commonly known as Damask rose, in the management of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) through aromatherapy. The conclusion of this study is aromatherapy with R. damascena essential oil is an effective method for alleviating the symptoms of PMS across psychological, physical, and social domains. This suggests that R. damascena could be considered a complementary therapy for women experiencing PMS.

                  The effect of aromatherapy on mental, physical symptoms, and social functions of females with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized clinical trialJournal Of Family Medicine And Primary Care, 2019; Link

                  The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy using essential oils from Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium blossom in managing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female students. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups, receiving either aromatherapy with Rosa Damascena, Citrus Aurantium, or sweet almond oil (control). The Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire assessed the impact of the intervention on mental and physical symptoms and social functions. Results indicated a significant decrease in mental symptoms for the groups using Rosa Damascena and Citrus Aurantium, with Rosa Damascena also showing significant improvement in physical symptoms and social functioning. While both essential oils were effective, Rosa Damascena had a more pronounced effect across psychological, physical, and social domains compared to Citrus Aurantium, highlighting its potential as a more potent alternative for alleviating PMS symptoms.

                    Research Publications on Tea Tree Oils for Acne

                    Tea tree oil (TTO), derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, is recognized for its potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to its terpinen-4-ol content. It has shown broad-spectrum efficacy against various skin and mucosal infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal pathogens.

                    Research supports TTO's utility in treating conditions like acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, chronic gingivitis, aiding wound healing, and offering potential anti-skin cancer benefits.

                    A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology; International Journal of Dermatology, 2013; Link

                    Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity.

                    Tea tree oil gel for mild to moderate acne; a 12 week uncontrolled, open-label phase II pilot study; Australas J Dermatol, 2017; Link

                    This open-label phase II pilot study evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of tea tree oil gel and face wash for treating mild to moderate facial acne over 12 weeks. With 18 participants enrolled and 14 completing the study, results showed a significant reduction in lesion counts and improved Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scores over time. The products were well-tolerated, with minor side effects like peeling and dryness that resolved without intervention. The study concludes that tea tree oil products are an effective and tolerable treatment option for acne.

                      Research Publications on Ylang Ylang for Cognition and Mood

                      The impact of peppermint and ylang-ylang essential oils on cognitive performance and mood was evaluated in distinct studies. These findings support the therapeutic use of essential oils for enhancing cognitive performance, mood, and stress management.

                      Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang; International Journal of Neuroscience, 2008; Link

                      This study examines the effects of plant essential oils, specifically ylang-ylang and peppermint, on cognition and mood in 144 healthy volunteers. Participants were divided into three groups: those exposed to ylang-ylang aroma, those exposed to peppermint aroma, and a no aroma control group. Cognitive performance was measured using a computerized assessment, while mood scales were administered before and after testing. The findings revealed that peppermint aroma improved memory and increased alertness, whereas ylang-ylang aroma slowed processing speed, and decreased alertness but significantly enhanced calmness. These outcomes underscore the significant and distinct impacts essential oil aromas can have on both cognitive functions and mood states, supporting the idea that these aromas exert notable effects on human behavior through both pharmacological and psychological mechanisms.
                      Effects of Ylang ylang essential oil on physiological and socio- psychological variables in femalesMedicine, Psychology, Environmental Science, 2013; Link
                      This study investigated the effects of Ylang ylang essential oil aromatherapy on stress and physiological parameters like blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate among 36 women aged 20 to 45 in Bloemfontein. Divided into two groups, participants received aromatherapy treatments on the face and back, alongside control treatments with carrier oil. Results showed that Ylang ylang essential oil significantly reduced stress indicators and was more effective when applied to the back, suggesting larger absorption areas enhance benefits. Participants reported improved stress levels, concentration, energy, and self-esteem. Highlighting the need for more research in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), this study contributes to understanding aromatherapy's potential benefits for stress management.

                        Scientific Research on Natural Herbs or Components

                        Dive into the realm of scientific research on natural herbs and components, unveiling their profound impact on health.

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                        Research Publications on Ashwagandha for Insomnia and Anxiety

                        Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract has been clinically evaluated for its effects on sleep quality and insomnia, with studies revealing significant improvements in sleep parameters among both healthy volunteers and patients with insomnia. These studies, through randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, have shown that Ashwagandha can effectively enhance sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and overall sleep quality.

                        Additionally, improvements in anxiety levels and mental alertness were observed, particularly in individuals with insomnia. The findings suggest Ashwagandha as a promising natural alternative for improving sleep quality and managing insomnia, highlighting its safety and efficacy.

                        Clinical evaluation of the pharmacological impact of ashwagandha root extract on sleep in healthy volunteers and insomnia patients: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study; Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 2021; Link

                        This study investigated the effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on sleep in both healthy subjects and those with insomnia, through a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 80 participants. Significant improvements were observed in sleep parameters such as Sleep Onset Latency (SOL), Total Sleep Time (TST), and Sleep Efficiency (SE), with more pronounced effects in insomnia patients. Analysis also showed significant enhancements in the Hamilton Anxiety scale (HAM-A) outcomes, mental alertness, and overall sleep quality, particularly in the insomnia group. The study concludes that Ashwagandha root extract is effective in improving sleep quality and managing insomnia, suggesting the need for further trials to validate these findings.

                        A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study to evaluate the effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep quality in healthy adults; Sleep Medicine, 2020; Link

                        This study, the first of its kind to investigate ashwagandha's (Withania somnifera) effects on non-restorative sleep (NRS), involved 150 healthy subjects in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received 120 mg of standardized ashwagandha extract daily for six weeks. The study assessed sleep quality, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and other measures using the Restorative Sleep Questionnaire and sleep actigraphy, along with evaluations of quality of life (QOL) and safety tests. Results showed a 72% increase in self-reported sleep quality in the ashwagandha group, significant improvements in sleep parameters, and enhanced QOL scores, with no adverse events reported. The study concludes that ashwagandha extract significantly improves overall sleep quality and NRS condition in healthy subjects.

                        Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study; Curēus, 2019; Link

                        This study explores the effectiveness and safety of Ashwagandha root extract in treating patients with insomnia and anxiety. Conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at Prakruti Hospital in Maharashtra, India, it involved 60 patients split into a test group (n=40) receiving 300 mg of full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract capsules and a placebo group (n=20) receiving starch capsules. Both treatments were administered twice daily for 10 weeks, with outcomes measured through sleep actigraphy, sleep logs, and various scales assessing sleep quality and anxiety. Results indicated significant improvements in sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), and sleep quality in the Ashwagandha group compared to placebo, with notable enhancements also observed in total sleep time (TST) and reduced wake after sleep onset (WASO). The study concludes that Ashwagandha root extract, at a dosage of 300 mg twice daily, is well tolerated and effectively enhances sleep quality and onset latency in insomnia and anxiety patients, suggesting a potential herbal alternative for insomnia treatment. Further research on a larger scale is recommended.

                        Research Publications on Black Cohosh for Women Health

                        Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) has been extensively studied for its impact on menopausal symptoms and its safety in breast cancer patients. A 2013 systematic review published in Sage Journals found that black cohosh does not increase the risk of breast cancer and offers mixed results in managing hot flashes, suggesting it is safe for use by women with or at risk of breast cancer.

                        Additionally, a 2018 study highlighted in the Journal of Education and Health Promotion demonstrated that black cohosh was significantly more effective than evening primrose oil in reducing the number and severity of hot flashes in postmenopausal women, indicating its potential superiority in enhancing overall menopausal symptom management. These studies collectively suggest that black cohosh could be a beneficial, safe alternative for managing menopausal symptoms, particularly in populations concerned with hormone-sensitive health issues.

                        Black Cohosh and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review; Sage Journals, 2013; Link

                        This systematic review evaluates the safety and efficacy of black cohosh in women with or at risk of breast cancer, focusing on its impact on estrogen-responsive tissues and its role in managing menopausal symptoms. The study analyzed data from 26 articles, including randomized controlled trials, uncontrolled trials, and observational studies. Results suggest that black cohosh does not increase breast cancer risk, with some evidence indicating a reduction in risk. While findings on the efficacy for hot flashes are mixed, the herb showed no significant effect on circulating hormone levels or tissue proliferation. Despite the lack of robust evidence for its efficacy in reducing hot flashes, black cohosh appears safe in the context of breast cancer, warranting further research to explore its potential benefits more thoroughly.

                        Benefits of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for Women Health: An Up-Close and In-Depth Review; Pharmaceuticals, 2022; Link

                        The review highlights that Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) extract is more effective than placebo in managing vasomotor symptoms of natural menopause but less effective than hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using oral estrogen and progesterone (O+P). Transdermal O+P therapy ranks highest for symptom relief, with oral O+P showing more side effects. CR extract, while not as potent as HRT, offers a safer, hormone-free alternative, particularly suitable for breast cancer patients due to its non-estrogenic nature. Despite its benefits, the specific phytochemicals responsible for its action remain unidentified, and its mechanism remains unclear, necessitating further research. Future efforts should also focus on developing a safe, affordable, and patient-friendly CR product to provide relief from menopausal symptoms.

                        Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial; Chinese Medicine, 2013; Link

                        This study assessed the efficacy of Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) in alleviating early menopausal symptoms. Conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 84 participants at Tehran health centers, it evaluated the effects of daily 6.5 mg Black cohosh extract over 8 weeks using the Greene climacteric scale (GCS). Results showed significant improvements in the treatment group's GCS total and subscale scores (vasomotor, psychiatric, physical, and sexual symptoms) at both 4 and 8 weeks, with no side effects reported. This indicates that Black cohosh is effective in reducing early menopausal symptoms.

                        A comparative study on the effect of “black cohosh” and “evening primrose oil” on menopausal hot flashes; Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2018; Link

                        This study compared the efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) and evening primrose oil (EPO) in managing hot flashes and improving the quality of life in 80 postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, with one receiving black cohosh and the other EPO for eight weeks. Results indicated that black cohosh significantly reduced both the severity and number of hot flashes by the eighth week, whereas EPO did not significantly reduce the number of hot flashes. Although both treatments improved the quality of life, black cohosh proved more effective in enhancing overall menopausal symptom management.

                        Pilot Evaluation of Black Cohosh for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Women; Cancer Investigation, 2004; Link

                        This pilot study explored the effectiveness of black cohosh in reducing hot flashes in postmenopausal women, including those with breast cancer. Twenty-one participants, aged between 38 and 80, were given Remifemin, a commercial black cohosh product, after a one-week no-treatment baseline. Results indicated a 50% reduction in daily hot flash frequency and a 56% decrease in weekly scores. Improvements were also noted in sleep quality, fatigue, and sweating. No severe adverse effects were reported, suggesting that black cohosh’s efficacy might surpass typical placebo effects, which warrant further investigation through a phase III randomized trial.

                        Black Cohosh and Chasteberry: Herbs Valued by Women for Centuries; CLINICAL NUTRITION INSIGHTS, 1998; Link

                        The clinical efficacy of black cohosh in treating women with symptoms of menopause has been demonstrated in 5 controlled studies comparing the extract with a placebo or with estrogen therapy. These research studies found that black cohosh extract, at doses of 80-160 mg/day, produced significant changes in the Kupperman index and a series of standard psychometric scales that rate menopausal symptoms. These results support the therapeutic efficacy of black cohosh extract in menopausal women.

                        Research Publications on Chamomile for Mood, Sleep, and Pain

                        Chamomile (Matricaria chamomile) has been investigated for its potential therapeutic effects on various conditions related to mood and sleep disorders, as well as pain management.

                        Research indicates chamomile capsules can significantly reduce premenstrual mood symptoms, suggesting its effectiveness in treating emotional symptoms associated with menstruation. Although its efficacy in treating state anxiety remains inconclusive, chamomile has shown promise in improving symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and enhancing sleep quality, with a systematic review and meta-analysis highlighting its safety and mild adverse events.

                        Additionally, chamomile extract has been found to effectively reduce the pain of cyclic mastalgia, offering a well-tolerated and safe alternative for managing mild to moderate breast pain. These findings underline chamomile's potential as a natural remedy for managing mood disorders, improving sleep quality, and controlling pain, with further large-scale studies recommended to fully ascertain its therapeutic benefits.

                        The effect of Matricaria chamomile on menstrual related mood disorders; European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2021; Link

                        The study evaluated chamomile capsules' effect on premenstrual mood disorders in 118 female students, using a clinical trial design. Participants received chamomile or placebo capsules before their menstrual period. Results showed chamomile significantly reduced mood symptoms compared to placebo, suggesting its effectiveness as a treatment for premenstrual emotional symptoms.

                        Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials; Phytotherapy Research, 2019; Link

                        This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated chamomile's effectiveness and safety for treating state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorders (GAD), sleep quality, and insomnia. Analyzing data from 12 randomized control trials (RCTs), the review found no significant difference in anxiety treatment but observed a significant improvement in GAD symptoms and sleep quality after chamomile treatment. One RCT on insomnia showed no significant change. Despite limited evidence on its effect on anxiety and insomnia, chamomile was deemed efficacious and safe for improving sleep quality and managing GAD, with only mild adverse events reported. Further large-scale RCTs are recommended.

                        Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial; Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018; Link

                        The study assessed chamomile's effectiveness in treating cyclic mastalgia in 60 patients through a double-blind trial. Significant pain reduction was observed in both chamomile and placebo groups, with chamomile proving more effective. Chamomile was safe, well-tolerated, and recommended as a potential alternative treatment for mild to moderate breast pain.

                        Research Publications on Chaste Tree for PMS and Menopause

                        Several studies have investigated the efficacy of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) in managing premenstrual and menopausal symptoms. A 2001 BMJ study evaluated the use of VAC for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms through a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, showing significant improvement in symptoms compared to placebo. A 2000 study published in J Womens Health found that after three cycles, 93% of participants reported a reduction in PMS symptoms, with minimal adverse reactions. Further research in 2010 and 2013 reinforced VAC’s efficacy in reducing PMS symptoms, including a comparison study that found no significant difference between VAC and Hypericum perforatum in treating hot flushes. In 2017, a systematic review confirmed VAC as a safe and effective option for PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Despite the promising results, more standardized research is needed to validate VAC’s effectiveness fully and explore its potential mechanisms, particularly for menopause-related complaints where pharmacological studies suggest benefits but clinical evidence remains sparse.

                        Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study; BMJ, 2001; Link

                        This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of agnus castus fruit (Vitex agnus castus L extract Ze 440) with a placebo in treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Conducted in general medicine community clinics, it was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial over three menstrual cycles involving 170 women. Participants received either agnus castus extract tablets or a placebo daily for three consecutive cycles. The primary outcome measured was the change in self-reported symptoms such as irritability, mood alteration, anger, headache, breast fullness, and bloating from baseline to the end of the third cycle. Secondary outcomes included clinical global impression changes and responder rates, defined as a 50% reduction in symptoms. Results showed significant improvement in the agnus castus group compared to the placebo, with a notable difference in primary and secondary outcome measures (P<0.001). The responder rate was higher in the active group (52%) compared to the placebo group (24%). Mild adverse events were reported by seven women, but these did not lead to treatment discontinuation. The study concluded that agnus castus fruit extract is an effective and well-tolerated option for relieving PMS symptoms.

                        Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus; J Womens Health Gend Based Med, 2000; Link

                        In a study involving 1,634 patients with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a new preparation from Vitex agnus castus (VAC) extract was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerance. After three menstrual cycles of treatment, 93% of participants reported a reduction in PMS symptoms, with significant improvements across various symptom complexes. Physicians and patients highly rated the treatment's effectiveness and tolerance, with adverse drug reactions reported in only 1.2% of cases. The study concluded that the VAC preparation is highly effective and safe for treating PMS symptoms.

                        Evaluating therapeutic effect in symptoms of moderate-to-severe premenstrual syndrome with Vitex agnus castus (BNO 1095) in Chinese women; Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol., 2010; Link

                        This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitex agnus castus (VAC, BNO 1095) extract in treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms in Chinese women. Conducted as a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in China, participants received either VAC extract or a placebo over three menstrual cycles. The primary measure of efficacy was the percentage reduction in a score of 17 symptoms recorded in a PMS diary (PMSD) during the luteal phase of the third treatment cycle. Of the 67 patients enrolled, 64 completed the study, with 31 in the VAC group and 33 in the placebo group. The results showed a significant improvement in all 17 symptoms for the VAC group compared to the placebo, except for lower abdominal cramping, which did not show a significant difference. The study concluded that Vitex agnus castus extract is more effective than a placebo in treating moderate-to-severe PMS in Chinese women, particularly for symptoms related to negative affect and insomnia.

                        Vitex agnus castus for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review; Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2017; Link

                        The study reviewed eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of Vitex agnus castus (VAC) for treating Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). It concluded that VAC is a safe and effective option for managing PMS and PMDD symptoms. Despite variations in study designs, diagnostic criteria, and VAC preparations, all studies showed positive results. The findings suggest VAC could be considered in clinical practice as an alternative treatment for PMS and PMDD, although more standardized research is needed.

                        Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste-Tree/Berry) in the Treatment of Menopause-Related ComplaintsThe Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2009; Link

                        The use of Vitex agnus-castus for menopause-related complaints is a relatively recent development, with its efficacy supported more by pharmacological studies than by rigorous clinical trials. This review explores the potential mechanisms through which Vitex may alleviate menopausal symptoms, referencing current understandings of menopause's endocrinology and neuroendocrinology. Although conclusive evidence from randomized controlled trials is still lacking, the emerging pharmacological data suggests that Vitex could play a beneficial role in easing menopausal symptoms. This preliminary evidence indicates that further detailed investigation into Vitex agnus-castus is warranted.

                        Comparison the efficacy of Hypericum perforatum and vitex agnus-castus in hot flushes: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial; Chronic Diseases Journal, 2013; Link

                        This study compared the effectiveness of Hypericum perforatum and Vitex agnus-castus in managing hot flushes among menopausal women through a randomized, double-blinded controlled trial. Participants were divided into two groups, with one receiving 330 µg of Hypericum perforatum and the other receiving Vitex agnus-castus in identical tablet forms. The results, analyzed using the Greene Climacteric Scale, showed a decreasing trend in hot flushes for both groups over two months, but no significant difference was found between the two treatments. Both treatments were found to be similarly effective and did not cause any severe side effects, suggesting their potential utility in treating menopausal symptoms.

                        Therapeutic effect of Vitex agnus castus in patients with premenstrual syndrome; Acta Medica Iranica, 2012; Link

                        This study assessed the efficacy of Vitex agnus castus, a herbal remedy, for treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms compared to a placebo. Conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, it involved 128 women diagnosed with PMS out of 134 selected patients. Participants were divided into two groups: one receiving 40 drops of Vitex agnus extract and the other a placebo, administered for 6 days before their menstrual period over 6 consecutive cycles. Before and after the 6-month treatment period, participants completed self-assessment questionnaires rating symptoms like headache, anger, irritability, depression, breast fullness, bloating, and tympani using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The results showed significant differences in symptom ratings before and after treatment in the Vitex agnus group compared to the placebo group (P<0.0001), indicating that Vitex agnus castus effectively and safely alleviates mild and moderate PMS symptoms.

                        Research Publications on Patchouli for Stress and Mood

                        Effects of Short-Term Inhalation of Patchouli Oil on Professional Quality of Life and Stress Levels in Emergency Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial; The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2020; Link

                        This randomized controlled trial at a university hospital in Incheon explored the effects of patchouli oil inhalation on stress, compassion satisfaction, and quality of life among 50 emergency nurses. Divided into two groups, nurses either inhaled patchouli oil diluted in sweet almond oil or a control of almond oil only, after shifts and again 24 hours later. Results showed no significant change in blood pressure, heart rate, compassion fatigue, or burnout between groups. However, the patchouli group experienced significantly lower stress levels and higher compassion satisfaction. This suggests patchouli oil inhalation could positively impact emergency nurses' professional quality of life by reducing stress and enhancing satisfaction in their caregiving roles.

                          Research Publications on Sage

                          First time proof of sage’s tolerability and efficacy in menopausal women with hot flushes; Advances in Therapy, 2011; Link

                          This clinical trial explored the effectiveness and tolerability of fresh sage (Salvia officinalis) in managing hot flushes and other menopausal complaints, marking a novel investigation into its traditional use for menopausal symptoms. Conducted across eight Swiss practices, the study involved 71 menopausal patients who had been experiencing at least five daily flushes. Over an 8-week period, participants were administered a daily tablet of fresh sage leaves, with outcomes measured by changes in the intensity and frequency of hot flushes, and a comprehensive assessment using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). The results showed a significant reduction in hot flushes — with a 50% decrease observed within 4 weeks and a 64% decrease by 8 weeks. Additionally, there was a notable decline in the severity of flushes and improvements across all subscales of the MRS. The study concluded that fresh sage is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for hot flushes and related menopausal symptoms, presenting a promising nonhormonal option for menopausal women.

                          Research Publications on Soy Isoflavones

                          Isoflavones, being phytoestrogens primarily found in soy, are associated with alleviating certain menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and could offer protective benefits against bone density loss, blood pressure, and glycemic control issues in early menopause. While they do not match the efficacy of hormone therapy, isoflavones' safety profile and partial effectiveness make them a valuable nonhormonal treatment option.

                          Additionally, the degree of symptom relief from isoflavones may be influenced by the initial severity of symptoms and dosage, highlighting their potential for women experiencing more frequent flushes. Further research is needed to standardize study variables and explore their effects on urogenital symptoms and cognition.

                          Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review; Nutrients, 2019; Link

                          Isoflavones, phytoestrogens found in plants like soy, have shown promise in alleviating some menopausal symptoms and health concerns according to recent literature. They effectively reduce hot flashes and may protect against lumbar spine bone mineral density loss, potentially benefiting systolic blood pressure and glycemic control during early menopause. However, their impact on GPER positive cells, urogenital symptoms, and cognition requires further investigation. Despite not matching hormone therapy's efficacy in symptom relief, isoflavones' safety profile and partial effectiveness make them an appealing nonhormonal option for many postmenopausal women. Future research should focus on standardizing study variables, including isoflavone aglycone content and participant metabolic profiles, to enhance the reliability and applicability of findings.

                          Isoflavone therapy for menopausal flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Maturitas, 2006; Link

                          This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on randomized, controlled trials to assess the efficacy of isoflavone supplementation in reducing daily menopausal flushes. By conducting a comprehensive search and selecting studies based on specific criteria, such as randomization, placebo control, and detailed flush data, the analysis revealed a significant association between isoflavone supplementation and reduced flushes, with an effect size of -0.28. Despite noticeable heterogeneity among studies, the reduction remained significant under a random effects model. Importantly, the analysis also found that the degree of flush reduction was significantly correlated with the initial number of daily flushes and the isoflavone dose, suggesting that isoflavone therapy might offer slight to modest benefits, particularly for women experiencing a higher frequency of flushes.

                          Research Publications on St John's wort for Anxiety and Depression

                          Studies on Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) indicate its effectiveness in treating certain symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), particularly physical and behavioral symptoms, though findings on mood and pain-related symptoms are mixed.

                          In depression treatment, St. John's Wort has shown comparable efficacy to standard SSRIs for mild-to-moderate depression, with fewer discontinuations due to side effects, but the evidence is moderate, and more research is needed to assess long-term safety and efficacy.

                          Overall, St. John's Wort may offer benefits for specific PMS symptoms and mild-to-moderate depression, emphasizing the need for further investigation into its effects on severe depression and long-term use.

                          The Efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) for the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial; CNS Drugs, 2010; Link

                          This study examined the effectiveness of Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) in treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Conducted at the University of Leeds, it involved 36 women diagnosed with mild PMS, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Participants received 900 mg/day of Hypericum perforatum or a placebo for two menstrual cycles, with a washout cycle in between. The results showed that Hypericum perforatum significantly improved the physical and behavioural symptoms of PMS compared to placebo (p < 0.05), but did not significantly affect mood- and pain-related symptoms, nor did it alter plasma hormone and cytokine levels or scores for anxiety, depression, aggression, and impulsivity. The study concludes that Hypericum perforatum is effective for certain PMS symptoms, suggesting a need for further research on its impact on mood and pain symptoms.

                          The Effects of St. John's Wort on Premenstrual Syndrome in Single Women: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study; Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 2010; Link

                          This study explored the effect of St. John's Wort (SJW) on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) mood symptoms in 30 single women, using a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants, selected based on specific criteria and free from certain health conditions, were divided into two groups. The experimental group received 600 mg/day of SJW extract (hypericin), while the control group received a placebo. Over three menstrual cycles, subjects recorded daily PMS symptoms and underwent assessments using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF), and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for unpleasant feelings. The findings revealed no significant differences between the SJW and placebo groups in overall PMS symptoms, BDI scores, or VAS ratings. However, the SJW group showed significant improvement in specific PAF subtypes, including emotional lability, hostility/anger, and impulsivity (p<0.05). The study concludes that SJW may positively affect certain emotional and behavioral aspects of PMS in single women.

                          Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2017; Link

                          St John's wort, a herbal remedy endorsed by Traditional Chinese Medicine and widely prescribed in Europe for depression, was evaluated through a meta-analysis of 27 clinical trials involving 3,808 patients. The analysis compared St John's wort's effectiveness and safety to standard SSRIs in treating depression. Findings showed that St John's wort has comparable efficacy in response and remission rates, with significantly lower discontinuation rates and a positive impact on depressive symptoms. However, the studies' short duration (4-12 weeks) limits conclusions about long-term efficacy and safety, especially for severe depression or high suicide risk cases. The conclusion suggests St John's wort as a viable option for mild-to-moderate depression, recommending longer-term studies for further evaluation.

                          A systematic review of St. John's wort for major depressive disorder; Systematic Reviews, 2016; Link

                          This systematic review assessed the efficacy and safety of St. John's wort (SJW) in treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) compared to placebo and antidepressants. Screening various databases up to November 2014, 35 studies involving 6,993 patients were included. The review found that SJW was more effective than placebo in treating mild and moderate depression, with a higher rate of treatment responders and similar efficacy to antidepressants but with fewer adverse events. However, the evidence was moderate in quality and showed significant heterogeneity, with a lack of data on severe depression. The findings highlight SJW as a viable option for mild and moderate MDD, though caution is advised due to limitations in adverse event reporting and the absence of studies on severe cases.

                          Research Publications on Thyme for Stress and Mood

                          Thyme: History, Applications, and Overview of Potential Health Benefits; Nutrition Today, 2016; Link

                          Thyme is a perennial shrub with greenish-gray aromatic leaves. It originates from Southern Europe and countries bordering the Mediterranean but now can be found in many areas of the world with temperate climates. There are numerous varieties of the plant, which differ in their flavor profiles. Thyme essential oil is a commercial product prepared by distillation of its leaves used commercially in the manufacture of chewing gum, candy, and ice cream. Thymol, 1 of the principal constituents of this oil, is used in perfumes, food flavorings, mouthwashes, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, and in feed additives and pesticides. Traditional remedies associated with thyme include alleviation of depression, epilepsy, nightmares, and headaches and treatment of coughs. The possible health effects of thyme and its constituents, particularly thymol and carvacrol, include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, respiratory, and neurological benefits.

                            Research Publications on 5-HTP

                            5-HTP, a natural amino acid, has gained attention for its ability to effectively regulate serotonin levels, offering benefits for depression, obesity, insomnia, migraines, and anxiety. It's not only a potent antioxidant protecting against free-radical damage and potential serious illnesses like cancer, but also has shown promise in treating neurological and metabolic disorders.

                            Despite efficacy in various health areas, concerns over serotonin syndrome highlight the need for cautious use. Through scientific studies and case histories, the potential of 5-HTP as a supplement for improving health outcomes in multiple disorders has been documented, underscoring its importance in the natural treatment landscape.

                            The Natural Way to Overcome Depression, Obesity, and Insomnia; Random House Publishing Group, 2010; Link

                            5-HTP is a natural amino acid that can safely and effectively regulate low serotonin levels, which have been linked to depression, obesity, insomnia, migraines, and anxiety. 5-HTP is also a powerful antioxidant that can protect the body from free-radical damage, reducing the risk of serious illnesses such as cancer. 5-HTP has already helped thousands, and Dr. Murray, citing extensive scientific studies and case histories, shows how this groundbreaking supplement can help you.

                            5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology; Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2021; Link

                            Despite concerns over serotonin syndrome, 5-HTP has shown efficacy in treating neurological and metabolic disorders, including depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, obesity, and diabetes, and shows promise in neurodegenerative diseases. 

                            Research Publications on GABA

                             

                            GABA function in mood disorders: An update and critical review; Life Sciences, 1998; Link

                            Research over the past twenty years suggests a possible link between GABA deficits and mood disorders, particularly depression. Studies indicate that enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission might have antidepressant and mood-stabilizing effects. GABA’s inhibitory impact on key neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin supports this theory, integrating well with existing hypotheses that involve alterations in noradrenergic and serotonergic functions in mood disorders. This review consolidates findings from both preclinical and clinical studies examining GABA's role in mood disorders and the effectiveness of various treatments like mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and electroconvulsive therapy. It proposes a unified neurochemical theory for mood disorders that incorporates the GABA hypothesis, setting a course for future research directions.

                            Scientific Research on Vitamins, Minerals, and Healthy Fats

                            Discover the critical roles of vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats through scientific research, highlighting their importance in maintaining optimal health.

                            Collapsible content

                            Research Publications on Boron on Menstrual Health

                            Effects of boron supplementation on the severity and duration of pain in primary dysmenorrhea; Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2015; Link

                            Considering Boron's purported anti-inflammatory properties, this triple-blind randomized clinical trial aimed to assess Boron supplementation's effects on menstrual pain severity and duration in female university students. Recruiting 113 participants, matched for dysmenorrhea severity and duration, they were randomly assigned to case (n=58) and control (n=55) groups. The case group received 10 mg/day Boron from two days before menstruation until its third day, while the control group received placebo capsules. Pain severity and duration were measured at baseline and over two menstrual cycles. Results showed significantly lower pain severity and duration in the Boron group post-intervention compared to controls (P < 0.05). The study suggests that Boron supplementation may alleviate menstrual pain by exerting anti-inflammatory effects, warranting further research to explore its hormonal and inflammatory biomarker effects in dysmenorrhea. 

                            Research Publications on Calcium for Menstrual Comfort

                            Calcium supplementation, both alone and combined with vitamin D, significantly improves symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women. Clinical trials demonstrate that calcium effectively alleviates key PMS symptoms such as fatigue, appetite changes, and depression.

                            Effects of calcium supplement therapy in women with premenstrual syndrome; Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2009; Link

                            The study aimed to assess the efficacy of calcium supplementation in alleviating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Conducted as a double-blind clinical trial, it involved young female college students diagnosed with PMS. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a placebo, while the other received 500 mg of calcium carbonate twice daily for three months. Symptom severity, including early fatigability, appetite changes, and depression, was evaluated using a standard questionnaire before and after treatment. The findings revealed that the group treated with calcium supplements experienced significant improvements in early tiredness, appetite changes, and depressive symptoms compared to the placebo group. The study concluded that calcium supplementation effectively reduces key symptoms of PMS in women, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option for managing PMS.

                            Effect of treatment with dydrogesterone or calcium plus vitamin D on the severity of premenstrual syndrome; International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009; Link

                            The study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in alleviating severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, it involved 180 Shiraz University students diagnosed with PMS. Participants documented their symptoms over two menstrual cycles, then were randomly assigned to receive either 5 mg dydrogesterone, 500 mg calcium plus 200 IU vitamin D, or a placebo, taken twice daily from the 15th to the 24th day of their menstrual cycle for two additional cycles. Symptom severity was assessed using questionnaires during the intervention. The results indicated that both dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation similarly reduced PMS symptom severity (by 4.64% and 4.20% respectively), compared to a 3.42% decrease observed with placebo treatment. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D offer comparable benefits in reducing PMS symptoms, suggesting either treatment could be considered as an option for managing severe PMS.

                            A systematic review of the role of vitamin D and calcium in premenstrual syndrome; Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 2019Link

                            This systematic review assessed the impact of calcium and vitamin D on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by analyzing 28 high-quality articles from various databases. It found that low serum levels of these nutrients during the luteal phase may contribute to PMS symptoms. Supplementation or dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D was recommended as an effective, low-risk, and cost-efficient approach to alleviate PMS symptoms, highlighting their significance in managing this common disorder among women of reproductive age. 

                            Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study GroupAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1998; Link 

                            The study aimed to assess the impact of calcium carbonate on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms during the luteal and menstrual phases of the menstrual cycle. It was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial involving healthy, premenopausal women aged 18 to 45 years from 12 outpatient centers across the United States. Participants, who had moderate-to-severe cyclically recurring premenstrual symptoms, were documented over two menstrual cycles using a daily rating scale with 17 core symptoms and 4 symptom factors (negative affect, water retention, food cravings, and pain). Participants were randomized to receive either 1200 mg of elemental calcium per day in the form of calcium carbonate or a placebo for three menstrual cycles. The primary outcome measured was the symptom complex score across 17 parameters. Out of 720 women screened, 497 were enrolled, and 466 were included in the efficacy analysis. The study found no significant differences between groups in demographic characteristics or baseline symptom scores. However, during the treatment phase, the calcium-supplemented group showed significantly lower mean symptom complex scores in the second and third treatment cycles compared to placebo, with a 48% overall reduction in total symptom scores by the third cycle, compared to a 30% reduction in the placebo group. All four symptom factors showed significant improvements by the third treatment cycle in the calcium group. The study concludes that calcium supplementation is an effective and simple treatment for PMS, significantly reducing overall luteal phase symptoms.

                            Research Publications on Calcium for Mood

                            A Beneficial Effect of Calcium Intake on Mood; Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 1994; Link

                            Two experiments involving 123 student volunteers tested the hypothesis that supplementary calcium improves mood. Participants, free of depressive disorders, were given either a placebo or 1000 mg of calcium daily for four weeks. Mood assessments were conducted before and after the intake period in both experiments, with an additional evaluation one week post-intake in the second experiment. Results showed significant mood elevation in those taking calcium compared to the placebo group, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for calcium in treating depressive disorders. This finding is supported by the role of calcium in neuronal activity, which is crucial for cognitive and behavioral functions. Studies indicate that calcium affects monoaminergic neurons involved in mood regulation, highlighting its importance in neuronal processes and potential antidepressant effects.

                            Dietary calcium and manganese effects on menstrual cycle symptoms; American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology1993; Link

                            This exploratory study investigated the effects of dietary calcium and manganese on menstrual symptoms in women with normal cycles. Ten participants completed the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire during a 169-day live-in study, undergoing four 39-day dietary phases with varying levels of calcium (587 or 1336 mg/day) and manganese (1.0 or 5.6 mg/day). Results showed that higher calcium intake generally reduced mood, concentration, behavior symptoms, menstrual pain, and premenstrual water retention. Conversely, lower manganese intake exacerbated mood and pain symptoms premenstrually. The study suggests that calcium and manganese play significant roles in managing menstrual distress symptoms.

                            Research Publications on Dark Chocolate for Menstrual Health

                            Recent studies reveal dark chocolate may reduce menstrual pain and anxiety in late adolescents. Trials involving herbal ingredient combinations and music alongside dark chocolate showed effective pain alleviation, underscoring its potential as a beneficial intervention for dysmenorrhea.

                            Dark chocolate's effect on menstrual pain in late adolescents; Belitung Nursing Journal, 2017; Link

                            This study focused on the impact of dark chocolate on menstrual pain among late adolescents, employing a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Conducted from September to November 2016 at Bhakti Husada Boarding School of Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, 50 participants were divided equally into experimental and control groups through simple random sampling. Pain levels were assessed using the Numeric Rate Scale (NRS), and statistical analyses, including the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test, were applied to evaluate the intervention's effectiveness. The findings revealed a significant reduction in menstrual pain levels in the group that received dark chocolate (mean pain level of 2.76) compared to the control group (mean pain level of 5.36), with a p-value of less than 0.001. The study concludes that dark chocolate significantly alleviates menstrual pain in late adolescents.

                            Effect of Combination of Dark Chocolate and Herbal Ingredients for Dysmenorrhea in Late Adolescents; Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2023; Link

                            This study investigated the efficacy of dark chocolate combined with herbal ingredients (turmeric, red ginger, moringa, sambiloto extract, and honey) in reducing menstrual pain among 30 respondents divided into three groups: a positive control group (K), a dark chocolate group (C), and a group receiving a combination of dark chocolate with herbs (C+H). The combination was administered as a 250 mL beverage. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study quantitatively measured pain using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and 2 hours after the intervention. The results indicated a significant reduction in menstrual pain in the group receiving the dark chocolate and herbs combination (p < 0.05), leading to the conclusion that this mixture could be an effective therapy for dysmenorrhea.

                            The effect of dark chocolate and music on pain and anxiety in young women with primary dysmenorrhea: Randomized controlled trial; European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022; Link

                            This study assessed the effectiveness of music and dark chocolate in reducing pain and anxiety associated with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) among young women. In a non-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 90 nulliparous nursing students aged 18–25 with PD and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score of 5 or higher were divided into three groups: dark chocolate, music, and control. The study concluded with 84 participants due to dropouts. The intervention involved consuming dark chocolate for three days before and on the first day of menstruation, and listening to music for the same duration in the respective groups. Pain intensity and anxiety were measured using VAS and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before and after the interventions. Results showed a significant reduction in menstrual pain and anxiety in the dark chocolate and music groups, with no notable changes in the control group. The study suggests that both dark chocolate and music can effectively alleviate menstrual pain and anxiety, indicating potential as nursing interventions for PD. Further research is suggested to solidify these findings.

                            Research Publications on Dietary Fiber for Menstrual Health

                            Associations of menstrual pain with intakes of soy, fat and dietary fiber in Japanese women; European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005; Link

                            In a cross-sectional study of 276 Japanese women aged 19-24 from three colleges and two nursing schools, researchers investigated the relationship between dietary intake and menstrual pain severity. They found that higher dietary fiber intake was significantly associated with reduced menstrual pain (r=−0.12, P=0.04) after adjusting for age, smoking status, age at menarche, and total energy intake. However, intakes of soy and fat did not show a significant correlation with menstrual pain severity. The study suggests that while the link between dietary fiber and menstrual pain is modest, it merits further investigation to understand its potential for managing dysmenorrhea.

                            Research Publications on Magnesium for Menstrual Comfort

                            Magnesium supplementation has shown promising results in the management of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and primary dysmenorrhea, offering significant relief from symptoms such as mood changes, pain, and fluid retention.

                            Comparisons between magnesium and oral contraceptives highlight magnesium's efficacy in decreasing pelvic pain and the need for analgesics, although not as effectively as contraceptives. Studies further indicate magnesium's role in alleviating PMS-related mood and physical symptoms, with effects notable from the second cycle of administration.

                            The broad applicability of magnesium in gynecological health, including dysmenorrhea and PMS, underscores its potential as a non-invasive treatment option. Further research is encouraged to explore its full therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing strategies.

                            Investigation of Laboratory and Clinical Features of Primary Dysmenorrhea: Comparison of Magnesium and Oral Contraceptives in TreatmentCureus, 2022; Link

                            This prospective case-controlled study aimed to explore the characteristics of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) patients and compare the efficacy of 200 mg magnesium citrate (MgS) versus combination oral contraceptive (COC) therapy in treating PD. Involving 172 women with PD and a control group of 172 age-matched women without PD, the study divided PD patients into two treatment groups: one receiving 200 mg MgS and the other COC therapy. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measured dysmenorrhea severity at baseline and after three months of treatment. Key findings include PD patients exhibiting more menstrual bleeding, a higher incidence of maternal dysmenorrhea, lower serum calcium, and vitamin D levels compared to controls. Post-treatment, the COC group showed significantly lower VAS scores and reduced need for painkillers compared to the MgS group. However, MgS treatment significantly decreased pelvic pain and the need for painkillers in PD patients, though not as effectively as COC therapy. The study highlights lower serum calcium and vitamin D levels in PD and indicates both MgS and COC as valuable treatments, with COC being more effective in reducing pain and analgesic use.

                            Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changesObstetrics And Gynecology, 1991; Link

                            This study evaluated the effects of magnesium (Mg) supplementation on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms in 32 women. Using a double-blind, randomized design, participants received either Mg or a placebo from the 15th day of their menstrual cycle until menstruation began, over two cycles. Results indicated significant improvements in PMS symptoms, particularly in mood changes, for those receiving Mg. Additionally, Mg levels increased in certain white blood cells but not in plasma or erythrocytes. The findings suggest Mg supplementation could be an effective treatment for mood-related PMS symptoms. 

                            Therapeutic effects of magnesium in dysmenorrheaSchweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1990; Link 

                            This randomized double-blind study evaluated magnesium's effects on primary dysmenorrhea in 32 women, analyzing results from 21 participants. Magnesium treatment slightly improved symptoms on the first day but significantly reduced back and lower abdominal pain on the second and third days of the menstrual cycle. The study also noted a marked decrease in work absences due to dysmenorrhea among those receiving magnesium. These findings suggest potential benefits of magnesium for dysmenorrhea, warranting further investigation in multicenter studies.

                            Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention; Journal of Women's Health, 1998; Link

                            This study assessed the impact of a 200 mg daily magnesium oxide (MgO) supplement on premenstrual symptoms (PMS) severity through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Over two menstrual cycles, 38 women took either the MgO supplement or a placebo, recording their symptoms across six categories (anxiety, craving, depression, hydration-related symptoms, other, and total symptoms) using a 4-point scale in a 22-item menstrual diary. The effectiveness of the magnesium supplementation was evaluated by comparing symptoms' severity and urinary magnesium output. The findings indicated that magnesium supplementation did not significantly affect any symptom category during the first month. However, in the second month, there was a notable reduction in hydration-related symptoms (PMS-H) such as weight gain, swelling of extremities, breast tenderness, and abdominal bloating with magnesium supplementation compared to the placebo (p = 0.009). Compliance with the supplementation regimen was confirmed through increased urinary magnesium output during the magnesium supplementation phase compared to the placebo phase (p = 0.013), with mean outputs of 100.8 mg and 74.1 mg, respectively. The study concludes that a daily supplement of 200 mg of magnesium oxide can reduce mild premenstrual symptoms related to fluid retention by the second cycle of administration.

                            Magnesium in the gynecological practice: a literature review; Magnesium Research, 2017; Link

                            This research systematically reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of oral magnesium supplementation in treating various gynecological conditions, exploring its pharmacological mechanisms. The findings reveal that magnesium supplementation is beneficial in preventing and managing conditions such as dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual migraines, and symptoms associated with menopause (climacteric symptoms). This suggests that magnesium plays a significant role in gynecological health, offering a non-invasive option for mitigating these common yet impactful conditions.

                            Pilot study of the efficacy and safety of a modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet (Sincromag) for the treatment of premenstrual syndromeClinical Drug Investigation, 2007; Link

                            This open-label study explored the efficacy and safety of a patented modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet in alleviating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms in women. Over three months, 41 women aged 18-45 with regular menstrual cycles and diagnosed with PMS (based on a PMS questionnaire score of ≥25) received the magnesium tablet from 20 days post-menstruation to the onset of their next period. The study found significant improvements in PMS symptoms, with the mean total PMS score, as determined by Moos' Modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, significantly decreasing after three months of treatment (p < 0.0001). Similarly, patient diaries reported substantial improvements across all subscales. The treatment led to a 35.1% reduction in total PMS scores according to investigators, and a 33.5% reduction according to patient assessments. The magnesium tablet was well-tolerated, with only one reported case of vertigo as a treatment-related side effect. The study concludes that modified-release magnesium is effective in reducing PMS symptoms, offering a promising treatment option for women with PMS.

                            Research Publications on Magnesium for Mood

                            Magnesium: Nature’s physiological mood stabilizer; Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 2020; Link

                            Magnesium (Mg) is recognized as a potent "physiologic mood stabilizer" due to extensive data from various studies including in-vivo and in-vitro experiments, epidemiological research, and clinical trials. This role is especially significant given the high incidence of latent magnesium deficiency in Western populations and the rising prevalence of mood disorders. Magnesium therapy, which is safe and generally well-accepted, helps stabilize mood. Experimental evidence links magnesium with effects on the central nervous system, influencing conditions like tetanus and producing sedative effects, thereby supporting its clinical use in mood regulation.

                            Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis; Medical Hypotheses, 2010; Link

                            Magnesium deficiency is significantly implicated in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), affecting 60% of clinical depression cases. Magnesium's role in modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors linked to neuronal injury and depression is highlighted by its antidepressant-like effects in animals and low levels found in TRD patients. Despite historical success in treating agitated depression since 1921 and modern case reports confirming rapid TRD alleviation with magnesium, few clinical trials exist. A 2008 study showed magnesium's efficacy equal to the antidepressant imipramine without side effects. Given its role in serotonin regulation and antidepressant effects, magnesium supplementation is proposed as a critical, broadly effective treatment for TRD, necessitating more comprehensive research and clinical use.

                            Magnesium and depression; Magnesium Research2016; Link

                            Magnesium is essential for numerous bodily functions, including cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, and skeletal systems, and plays a crucial role in brain biochemistry related to neurotransmission and depression. Deficiency can cause personality changes such as apathy, confusion, and anxiety, and has been linked to conditions like poor nutrition, diabetes, and stress. Studies confirm magnesium's mood-enhancing effects, suggesting that supplementation can boost conventional antidepressant treatments, making it a promising adjunct in managing depression. However, the effectiveness may vary between inorganic and organic forms of magnesium supplements.

                            Research Publications on Nutrition and Dietary Habits for Menstrual Health

                            These studies collectively highlight the significant role of dietary patterns in the management and risk of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and primary dysmenorrhea. Western diets high in fast foods and processed meats are associated with increased PMS risk, while traditional and healthy diets, as well as whole grain and Mediterranean diet adherence, offer protective effects. Nutritional interventions, including increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, and whole grains, show promise in alleviating symptoms.

                            Conversely, dieting for weight loss during adolescence and meal skipping are linked to worse menstrual pain, underscoring the importance of balanced eating habits. The complex relationship between specific dietary fats and PMS suggests that further research is needed to fully understand the nutritional influences on menstrual health.

                            Dietary patterns are associated with premenstrual syndrome: evidence from a case-control study; Public Health Nutr, 2020; Link

                            The study investigated how diet affects Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), identifying three main dietary patterns among participants: Western (fast foods, soft drinks, processed meats), Traditional (eggs, tomato sauce, fruits, red meat), and Healthy (dried fruits, condiments, nuts). Findings showed that the Western diet increased PMS risk, while Traditional and Healthy diets were associated with a lower risk. This suggests that dietary choices play a significant role in the management of PMS symptoms.

                            Nutrition as a Potential Factor of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies; Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2019; Link

                            The study reviewing nutritional factors influencing primary dysmenorrhea found that increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, milk, and dairy products is associated with reduced menstrual pain, highlighting the potential benefits of these foods in managing symptoms. Conversely, meal skipping and diets aimed at weight loss were linked to increased severity of dysmenorrhea, suggesting the importance of regular and balanced eating habits for women experiencing menstrual pain. However, due to methodological inconsistencies across studies, the findings are inconclusive, underscoring the need for further research with more robust methodologies to clarify the impact of diet on dysmenorrhea.

                            Diets enriched with whole grains reduce premenstrual syndrome scores in nurses: an open-label parallel randomised controlled trial; Br J Nutr, 2019; Link

                            This clinical trial investigated the impact of whole grain consumption on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms among 100 nurses diagnosed with PMS, divided into intervention and control groups of fifty each. The intervention group replaced at least four servings of refined grains with whole grains daily for three months, consuming 120g of bread made from whole flour, while the control group continued their usual grain intake. Results indicated a significant reduction in general, mood, physical, and behavioral PMS symptoms in the intervention group compared to the control group, demonstrating the potential benefits of whole grains in alleviating PMS symptoms. This study highlights the need for further research to confirm these promising findings.

                            Diet during adolescence is a trigger for subsequent development of dysmenorrhea in young women; Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2007; Link

                            The study conducted among 716 female students aged 18 to 20 years at Ashiya College in Japan explored the relationship between dietary habits and menstrual disorders, focusing on the impact of dieting for cosmetic purposes. The participants were categorized based on their dieting experience: Group I (no dieting experience), Group II (currently dieting), and Group III (history of dieting). The analysis revealed that individuals in Group II exhibited a higher frequency of irregular menstruation compared to the other groups. Additionally, Group III experienced a more intense level of dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) than their counterparts. These findings indicate that dietary restrictions during adolescence can have detrimental long-term effects on reproductive health in young women, underscoring the importance of promoting healthy eating habits among this demographic.

                            The effect of diet on primary dysmenorrhea in university students: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pak J Med Sci, 2018; Link

                            The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of diet therapy on alleviating primary dysmenorrhea symptoms among female university students. Employing a randomized controlled pre- and post-test design, 67 students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea were divided into two groups: a diet therapy group and a control group. The intensity of dysmenorrhea was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale and a modified questionnaire that evaluated various symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea. The intervention group underwent diet therapy for three months, with assessments conducted before the intervention and three months afterward. Initially, there was no significant difference in the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea between the two groups. However, post-intervention results showed a notable reduction in dysmenorrhea intensity in the diet therapy group compared to the control group, indicating that diet therapy effectively reduced pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea among the participants. This suggests that dietary adjustments could be a viable approach to managing primary dysmenorrhea symptoms in female university students.

                            Association among Premenstrual Syndrome, Dietary Patterns, and Adherence to Mediterranean Diet; Nutrients, 2022; Link

                            The study explored the relationship between dietary patterns, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and the prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) among Korean women. Conducted through an online survey, 262 women aged 20-49 years were assessed for PMS using the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists diagnostic criteria. The adherence to the MD was evaluated using the Korean version of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, with Mediterranean Diet Scores (MDS) categorized into tertiles. Findings indicated that women with the lowest adherence to the MD (T1: 0-3 points) reported a significantly higher prevalence of PMS compared to those with the highest adherence (T3: ≥6 points), highlighting a potential protective effect of the MD against PMS. Additionally, a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of bread and snacks was associated with an increased risk of PMS, suggesting that dietary habits may play a critical role in the management and prevention of PMS symptoms. This study underscores the importance of dietary choices in influencing PMS among Asian women, particularly highlighting the potential benefits of adhering to a Mediterranean diet.

                            Intake of dietary fat and fat subtypes and risk of premenstrual syndrome in the Nurses' Health Study II; Br J Nutr. 2017; Link

                            This study explored the link between dietary fat intake and the development of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) within a subset of the Nurses' Health Study II cohort. It contrasted the experiences of 1,257 women with clinician-diagnosed PMS against 2,463 controls who had minimal or no premenstrual symptoms. Dietary intake, including total fats, specific fat subtypes, and fatty acids, was assessed through food frequency questionnaires. The findings revealed no association between the intake of total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and trans fats with the onset of PMS after adjusting for confounding factors such as age, BMI, smoking, and calcium intake. Interestingly, a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was linked to a reduced risk of PMS. This association was primarily driven by stearic acid intake, suggesting that individuals in the highest quintile of stearic acid consumption had a lower risk of developing PMS compared to those in the lowest quintile. The study concluded that general fat consumption does not contribute to a higher risk of PMS, and a high intake of stearic acid might even lower the risk. However, it suggests that further prospective research is needed to confirm these findings, highlighting the complexity of dietary influences on PMS symptoms.

                            Research Publications on Iron for Menstrual Health

                            This collection of research highlights the significant benefits of iron supplementation in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin, showing reduced fatigue and improved iron status without notable changes in quality of life or mood disorders. Additionally, an association between iron depletion, menstruation, and dietary habits in adolescent girls suggests a critical need for targeted nutritional strategies to mitigate iron deficiency risks.

                            Effect of iron supplementation on fatigue in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin: a randomized controlled trial; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2012; Link

                            This multicenter, parallel, randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of oral iron therapy on fatigue, quality of life, and certain blood markers in nonanemic iron-deficient women with unexplained fatigue. Conducted across 44 primary care practices in France from March to July 2006, the study involved 198 women aged 18-53 years, who were not anemic but exhibited ferritin levels below 50 μg/L and hemoglobin levels above 12.0 g/dL. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 80 mg of elemental iron daily (n=102) or a placebo (n=96) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in fatigue, measured by the Current and Past Psychological Scale. Results indicated a significant reduction in fatigue scores by 47.7% in the iron group compared to 28.8% in the placebo group, with no significant changes in quality of life, depression, or anxiety levels. Iron supplementation led to significant increases in hemoglobin and ferritin levels and a decrease in soluble transferrin receptor levels at 12 weeks. This suggests that iron supplementation can be beneficial for nonanemic menstruating women with ferritin levels below 50 μg/L experiencing unexplained fatigue, with recommendations to assess treatment efficacy through blood markers after six weeks.

                            Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016; Link

                            This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of daily iron supplementation on anaemia, iron status, and various health aspects in menstruating women. The comprehensive search across multiple databases and digital thesis repositories in November 2015 resulted in the inclusion of 67 trials, encompassing 8506 women. The findings indicate that iron supplementation significantly reduces the risk of anaemia and iron deficiency, and increases haemoglobin concentration compared to control groups. However, the review also highlights the increased risk of gastrointestinal side effects, including loose stools/diarrhoea and constipation, associated with iron supplementation. Despite these side effects, iron supplementation did not significantly impact adherence rates. The evidence on the improvement of cognitive function was inconclusive, though supplementation did improve exercise performance and reduce fatigue. Overall, daily iron supplementation is effective in reducing anaemia and iron deficiency, enhancing haemoglobin levels and exercise performance, and mitigating fatigue in menstruating women, albeit with an increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms.

                            Iron requirements in menstruating women; The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991; Link

                            This study recalculates the daily iron requirements for adult and teenage menstruating women, incorporating variations in menstrual blood losses, hemoglobin levels, basal iron losses, and growth requirements for teenagers. The revised daily iron needs are estimated at 2.84 mg for adult women and 3.21 mg for teenagers, reflecting the 95th percentiles for these groups. To determine dietary iron requirements based on these absorbed iron needs, six assessments of whole-diet iron bioavailability were conducted, considering diets from Sweden, France, and the US. These estimations suggest a dietary iron bioavailability ranging from 14% to 16.6%, with a standardized figure of 15% being proposed for the bioavailability of iron in a typical Western diet. Consequently, the dietary iron requirements to meet the 95th percentiles for absorbed iron are set at 18.9 mg per day for adult menstruating women and 21.4 mg per day for menstruating teenagers, assuming no existing iron stores.

                            Association of Iron Depletion with Menstruation and Dietary Intake Indices in Pubertal Girls: The Healthy Growth Study; BioMed Research International 2013; Link

                            This study explored the relationship between iron depletion (ID), menstrual blood loss, and lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, among 1222 girls aged 9–13 years. It found that 33.5% of adolescent girls with menses were iron depleted (serum ferritin < 12 μg/L), compared to 15.9% of girls without menses. Iron-depleted girls without menses consumed less poultry but more fruits and fast food than their non-iron-depleted counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that girls with menses were significantly more likely to be iron depleted, with menstruation being a key factor increasing the risk of ID. Additionally, ID was associated with dietary habits, such as high calcium intake, frequent fast food consumption, and low poultry and fruit intake. The study underscores the need for further research to better understand the impact of diet and menstruation on iron status in pubertal girls, highlighting the importance of addressing nutritional needs and menstrual blood loss in this vulnerable group.

                            Research Publications on Omega-3 for Menstrual Comfort

                            Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been consistently shown to reduce premenstrual symptoms, improve quality of life, and alleviate dysmenorrhea pain in women of reproductive age. Studies ranging from randomized clinical trials to systematic reviews and meta-analyses highlight the potential of omega-3s in managing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and primary dysmenorrhea, with significant reductions in symptom severity and analgesic use.

                            While the effectiveness of treatment may vary with dosage, age, and possibly individual metabolic differences, the evidence supports omega-3 supplements as a beneficial, low-risk approach for enhancing women's health and well-being related to menstrual discomfort. These findings suggest a promising non-pharmacological option for women experiencing discomfort due to menstrual symptoms, although further research is encouraged to explore the mechanisms and long-term effects.

                            The effect of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: a randomized clinical trial; Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2018; Link

                            This study aimed to explore the effects of omega-3 supplements on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life in reproductive-aged women. Conducted as a randomized clinical trial with 95 Iranian participants aged 20-35, the study found that omega-3 supplementation significantly reduced premenstrual symptoms and improved overall quality of life. These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation could be a promising approach for managing premenstrual symptoms and enhancing women's well-being.

                            Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents; American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1996; Link

                            The study aimed to investigate the potential of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in alleviating dysmenorrhea symptoms among adolescents. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned to two groups, receiving either fish oil or a placebo for two months each. Results showed a significant reduction in the Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale after two months of fish oil treatment compared to baseline (p < 0.0004), suggesting a beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on dysmenorrhea symptoms in adolescents.

                            The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022; Link

                            The present study showed that n-3 PUFAs could have a mild effect on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in women. Furthermore, the highest effectiveness of treatment was seen at low doses of n-3 PUFAs, and with increasing daily intake, the effectiveness of treatment with n-3 PUFAs decreased. Another finding indicated that with the increasing age of women, n-3 PUFAs showed lesser effectiveness in reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The results of the present study provide valuable evidence to primary healthcare providers and health policymakers in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

                            Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as a potential treatment for reducing dysmenorrhoea pain: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis; Nutrition & Dietetics, 2024; Link

                            This systematic literature review with meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin levels and pain severity in women with dysmenorrhea, while also identifying potential adverse side effects. Conducting searches across multiple databases, twelve studies involving 881 dysmenorrheal women were analyzed, with predominantly neutral quality. Results indicated that daily supplementation of 300-1800 mg omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids over 2-3 months significantly reduced dysmenorrhea pain, as demonstrated by a large effect size in the meta-analysis. Although most studies did not measure prostaglandin levels, a majority reported decreased analgesic use with omega-3 supplementation, and few reported mild adverse effects. Despite these positive outcomes, the neutral quality of the research and unresolved mechanisms of action underscore the need for further investigation in this area.

                            Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on intensity of primary dysmenorrheaInternational Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2012; Link

                            In a study targeting women aged 18-22 with primary dysmenorrhea, researchers conducted a double-blind crossover investigation to determine the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in alleviating symptoms. Divided into two groups, participants received either omega-3 capsules or placebos for three months, followed by a switch for another three months, with a washout period in between. Results indicated a significant reduction in pain intensity after omega-3 treatment, along with a decreased requirement for rescue doses of ibuprofen compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids holds promise in reducing primary dysmenorrhea symptoms and diminishing reliance on pain relief medication.

                            Research Publications on Omega-3/6 Balance

                            The significant shift from the evolutionary omega-6/omega-3 ratio of close to 1:1 in human diets to today's Western diet, often exceeding 15/1, underscores the dietary imbalance contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory conditions.

                            This discrepancy emphasizes the need for increased omega-3 intake, which has shown suppressive effects on these conditions. Furthermore, the interplay between dietary fatty acids and genetic variations, such as those in the 5-lipoxygenase gene, highlights the complexity of chronic disease manifestation and the importance of a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio for disease prevention and management. Achieving a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial for mitigating the risk of prevalent chronic diseases in Western societies and beyond, pointing to the need for dietary adjustments tailored to individual genetic backgrounds and specific health conditions.

                            The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids; Biomed Pharmacother., 2002; Link

                            Various sources suggest that human evolution favored a diet with an omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio close to 1, contrasting sharply with today's Western diets, which often exceed a ratio of 15/1 to 16.7/1. This dietary imbalance, deficient in omega-3 fatty acids and abundant in omega-6 fatty acids, contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Conversely, higher omega-3 intake has suppressive effects on these diseases. Studies demonstrate that different diseases require different optimal omega-6/omega-3 ratios, suggesting a multifactorial and multigenic nature of chronic diseases. Thus, achieving a lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is crucial for reducing the risk of chronic diseases prevalent in Western societies and globally.

                            Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases; Biomed Pharmacother., 2006; Link

                            Anthropological and molecular evidence highlights that humans evolved on a diet with an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio close to 1, contrasting sharply with today's Western diets, which often exceed a ratio of 15/1 to 16.7/1. This dietary imbalance promotes various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammatory conditions, while higher omega-3 intake suppresses inflammation. Genetic variations, like those in the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) gene, influence disease manifestation and response to dietary fatty acids. Maintaining a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial for preventing and managing chronic diseases, with optimal ratios varying depending on genetic factors and specific health conditions.

                            Research Publications on Phosphorus for Energy

                            Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.; National Academies Press (US), 1997; Link

                            Phosphorus is abundantly available in the diet, with its bioavailability affected by factors like food processing and dietary components. Despite its wide availability, attention to dietary intake is necessary to prevent imbalances that could impact health indirectly through effects on energy production, bone health, and overall physiological well-being.

                            Research Publications on Vitamin B1 for Menstrual Health

                            The research highlights Vitamin B1's significant role in mitigating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, demonstrating that supplementation can substantially reduce both mental and physical aspects of PMS.

                            This finding is supported by broader nutritional studies indicating that higher dietary intake of thiamin (Vitamin B1) and riboflavin is linked to a reduced risk of developing PMS. Together, these studies suggest that Vitamin B1, along with other B vitamins, could be a safe and effective approach for managing PMS symptoms, offering an alternative to those seeking non-pharmacological treatment options.

                            The Effects of Vitamin B1 on Ameliorating the Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms; Glob J Health Sci., 2014; Link

                            This study investigated the impact of Vitamin B1 on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms among students at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences dormitories in 2013. In this double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 80 students were divided into Vitamin B1 and placebo groups. Symptoms of PMS were recorded before and during the intervention. Results showed that Vitamin B1 significantly reduced both mental (35.08%) and physical (21.2%) symptoms of PMS, with notable improvements compared to the placebo group. The study concludes that Vitamin B1 effectively alleviates mental and physical symptoms of PMS, suggesting it as a viable, side-effect-free treatment option for managing PMS symptoms. 

                            Micronutrient Intake and Premenstrual Syndrome; Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2011; Link

                            This study found that high thiamin and high riboflavin intake from food sources were associated with lower risk of PMS.

                            Research Publications on Vitamin B12 and Folate for Mood

                            Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12; British Association for Psychopharmacology, 2005; Link

                            The review highlights significant findings linking low levels of folate and vitamin B12 with major depression. Studies indicate that depressive patients often have low serum or red blood cell folate and vitamin B12, a trend also observed in the general population. Interestingly, regions with diets rich in folate, like Hong Kong and Taiwan, show higher serum folate levels even among depressive patients and lower lifetime rates of major depression. Additionally, low folate levels are associated with a poorer response to antidepressants, but supplementation with folic acid can enhance antidepressant efficacy. Similarly, a high vitamin B12 status may lead to a better treatment outcome. The review also mentions the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, which affects homocysteine metabolism and is more common among depressive patients, further strengthening the link between these vitamins and depression. Based on these findings, the review suggests that oral supplementation of folic acid (800 µg daily) and vitamin B12 (1 mg daily) could potentially improve treatment outcomes for depression.

                            Research Publications on Vitamin B2 for Menstrual Health

                            Micronutrient Intake and Premenstrual Syndrome; Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2011; Link

                            This study found that high thiamin and high riboflavin intake from food sources were associated with lower risk of PMS.

                            Research Publications on Vitamin B6 for Menstrual Health

                            Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) therapy for premenstrual syndrome; International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2007; Link

                            In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with 160 university students experiencing premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 94 participants fully complied with the trial's protocol. They were divided into two groups: one received pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the other a placebo, both manufactured to be indistinguishable in shape, color, and taste. Over two menstrual cycles, after an initial three cycles of symptom recording, participants took an 80 mg daily tablet of either pyridoxine or placebo and continued to log their symptoms. The study found no significant difference in the number of symptoms or the severity of PMS between the two groups at the outset. However, after treatment, both groups saw a decrease in symptoms such as moodiness, irritability, anxiety, depression, and others, with anxiety showing the most significant reduction. The decrease in symptoms was more substantial in the pyridoxine group, especially for psychiatric symptoms, suggesting that pyridoxine could be an effective treatment for the psychiatric symptoms of PMS.

                            Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review; BMJ, 1999; Link

                            This study systematically reviews randomized placebo-controlled trials to assess Vitamin B-6's effectiveness in managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Analyzing data from nine trials involving 940 patients, it found that Vitamin B-6 significantly improved overall PMS symptoms, with an odds ratio of 2.32 (95% CI, 1.95 to 2.54) compared to placebo. Additionally, Vitamin B-6 showed benefits in alleviating premenstrual depressive symptoms, with an odds ratio of 1.69 (95% CI, 1.39 to 2.06) across four trials with 541 patients. However, the study notes the overall low quality of the included trials and suggests that Vitamin B-6 doses up to 100 mg/day may help treat PMS symptoms and depression, though more high-quality research is needed for a definitive conclusion.

                            A Pilot Randomized Treatment-Controlled Trial Comparing Vitamin B6 with Broad-Spectrum Micronutrients for Premenstrual Syndrome; Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2020; Link

                            In a study comparing the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum micronutrient formula to Vitamin B6 for treating PMS, 78 women participated in a three-cycle treatment following a two-cycle baseline. Both treatments significantly reduced PMS symptoms, with 72% of the micronutrient group and 60% of the B6 group showing full remission. The micronutrient formula also improved quality of life more than B6, particularly for participants with severe symptoms indicative of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), although these findings need further research for confirmation. No serious adverse effects were reported from either treatment.

                            Research Publications on Vitamin D for Menstrual Comfort

                            High-dose vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces the prevalence and symptoms of PMS and dysmenorrhea among adolescents, suggesting a potent strategy for managing these conditions.

                            Systematic reviews confirm that calcium and vitamin D play crucial roles in reducing PMS symptoms, recommending them as effective, low-risk treatments. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation in adolescents with severe hypovitaminosis D has demonstrated substantial improvements in PMS-related mood disorders.

                            Additionally, vitamin D supplementation effectively reduces pain and systemic symptoms in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency, highlighting its potential as a non-pharmacological treatment option.

                            These findings underscore the importance of considering vitamin D and calcium supplementation as part of a comprehensive approach to managing PMS and dysmenorrhea.

                            Effect of treatment with dydrogesterone or calcium plus vitamin D on the severity of premenstrual syndrome; International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2009; Link

                            The study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in alleviating severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. Conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, it involved 180 Shiraz University students diagnosed with PMS. Participants documented their symptoms over two menstrual cycles, then were randomly assigned to receive either 5 mg dydrogesterone, 500 mg calcium plus 200 IU vitamin D, or a placebo, taken twice daily from the 15th to the 24th day of their menstrual cycle for two additional cycles. Symptom severity was assessed using questionnaires during the intervention. The results indicated that both dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation similarly reduced PMS symptom severity (by 4.64% and 4.20% respectively), compared to a 3.42% decrease observed with placebo treatment. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that dydrogesterone and calcium plus vitamin D offer comparable benefits in reducing PMS symptoms, suggesting either treatment could be considered as an option for managing severe PMS.

                            High dose vitamin D supplementation can improve menstrual problems, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome in adolescents; Gynecological Endocrinology, 2018; Link

                            This study evaluated the effects of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in 897 adolescent girls in Mashhad and Sabzevar, Iran. Participants received nine weekly doses of 50,000 IU of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) over 9 weeks. The study categorized participants into four groups: those with only PMS, those with only dysmenorrhea, those with both conditions, and normal subjects without these conditions. The findings revealed a significant reduction in PMS prevalence, from 14.9% to 4.8% (p < .001), after vitamin D supplementation. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea also decreased slightly from 35.9% to 32.4%, and the incidence among subjects with both PMS and dysmenorrhea reduced from 32.7% to 25.7%. Moreover, the supplementation led to a decrease in several PMS symptoms, such as backache and a tendency to cry easily, and a reduction in the pain severity of dysmenorrhea (p < .05). The study concluded that high-dose vitamin D supplementation could effectively reduce the prevalence of PMS and dysmenorrhea, alongside improving both physical and psychological symptoms associated with PMS.

                            A systematic review of the role of vitamin D and calcium in premenstrual syndrome; Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 2019Link

                            This systematic review assessed the impact of calcium and vitamin D on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by analyzing 28 high-quality articles from various databases. It found that low serum levels of these nutrients during the luteal phase may contribute to PMS symptoms. Supplementation or dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D was recommended as an effective, low-risk, and cost-efficient approach to alleviate PMS symptoms, highlighting their significance in managing this common disorder among women of reproductive age.

                            Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Severe Hypovitaminosis D; Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2016; Link

                            This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in young girls (15-21 years old) with severe hypovitaminosis D and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), particularly focusing on mood disorders. A total of 158 participants with severe PMS symptoms and low serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (≤10 ng/mL) were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D (200,000 IU initially, followed by 25,000 IU biweekly for 4 months; group 1, n=80) or a placebo (group 2, n=78). The study assessed the clinical and hormonal effects of the treatment. Results showed that in the vitamin D group, serum levels reached the normal range (35-60 ng/mL) within the first month and remained stable. Significant improvements were observed in anxiety, irritability, ease of crying, sadness, and disturbed relationships scores, with no significant changes in the placebo group. The frequency of adverse events, including nausea and constipation, was similar between the two groups. The conclusion drawn from the study is that vitamin D supplementation is a safe, effective, and convenient treatment for improving the quality of life in young women with severe hypovitaminosis D and mood disorders associated with PMS.

                            Vitamin D supplementation for primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial; Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 2021; Link 

                            The study aimed to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 116 participants were divided into two groups, receiving either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or a placebo weekly for eight weeks. The evaluation focused on pain intensity, days with pain, consumption of pain-relief medications, and severity of systemic symptoms such as fatigue, headache, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea. The results demonstrated that participants who received vitamin D supplements showed significant improvements in all measured outcomes. There was a notable decrease in pain intensity, fewer days with pain, reduced consumption of pain-relief medications, and a decrease in the severity of systemic symptoms at both the 4-week and 8-week marks, with all changes being statistically significant (P<0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group. The conclusion drawn from the study is that vitamin D supplementation can effectively reduce pain intensity, decrease the number of days with pain, lessen the need for pain-relief medications, and improve systemic symptoms in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency.

                            Research Publications on Zinc for Menstrual Health

                            These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of zinc sulfate and zinc supplementation in alleviating symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in young women and female university students. Zinc supplementation can improve both physical and psychological PMS symptoms, enhances quality of life, and may offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant benefits, indicating their potential as cost-effective treatments for these conditions.

                            Comparison of the effect of ginger and zinc sulfate on primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo-controlled randomized trial; Pain Manag Nurs., 2014; Link

                            This randomized trial aimed to assess the efficacy of ginger and zinc sulfate compared to a placebo in alleviating the severity of primary dysmenorrhea among young women. The study involved 150 high school students who were divided into three groups to receive either ginger capsules, zinc sulfate capsules, or placebo capsules for four days, starting the day before the onset of menstruation until the third day of menstrual bleeding. The severity of dysmenorrhea was measured every 24 hours using the pain visual analog scale. Results showed that both ginger and zinc sulfate significantly reduced pain severity compared to the placebo, with both treatments having similar effectiveness in improving the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. This indicates that ginger and zinc sulfate can serve as effective treatments for managing pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea in young women.

                            The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Improvement of Premenstrual Symptoms in Female University Students: a Randomized Clinical Trial Study; Biological Trace Element Research, 2023; Link

                            This study aimed to assess the impact of zinc supplementation on premenstrual symptoms among female university students compared to a placebo. In this triple-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 69 students aged 18-35 with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), residing in dormitories at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in Iran, were evenly divided into two groups. One group received 220 mg of elemental zinc daily for 24 weeks, while the control group was given a placebo. The evaluation of PMS was conducted using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool-Adolescent (PSST-A) questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, employing Chi-square and t-student tests to compare outcomes between the groups. Results showed significant improvements in both physical and psychological symptoms of PMS in the zinc group compared to the placebo, including reductions in anger, anxiety, depression, overeating, breast tenderness, headaches, muscle pain, bloating, and weight gain. Additionally, relationships with friends, classmates, and coworkers significantly improved in the zinc group. The findings suggest zinc supplementation as a potential, cost-effective treatment for alleviating PMS symptoms, although further research is needed to confirm these results.

                            Effect of zinc sulfate supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: Clinical randomized controlled trial;  The Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology Research, 2017; Link

                            This study aimed to evaluate the impact of zinc sulfate (ZS) supplementation on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms and health-related quality of life (QoL) in women aged 20-35. Conducted as a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 142 women with PMS were divided into two groups to receive either 220-mg ZS capsules, containing 50 mg elemental zinc, from the 16th day of their menstrual cycle until the second day of the next cycle, or a placebo. The effectiveness of the treatment was measured using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire. Results showed a significant decrease in moderate to severe PMS prevalence in the ZS group over three months, with noticeable improvements in PSST scores and both physical and mental components of QoL. However, significant QoL improvements were only observed three months post-intervention. This suggests that zinc sulfate could be an effective, low-cost treatment for PMS symptoms and enhancing health-related QoL, although further research is needed to confirm these findings.

                            Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Physical and Psychological Symptoms, Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Young Women with Premenstrual Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial; Biological Trace Element Research, 2020; Link

                            This study investigates the impact of zinc supplementation on young women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), focusing on its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant benefits. Conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women aged 18-30 diagnosed with PMS were divided into two groups to receive either 30 mg of zinc gluconate or a placebo for 12 weeks. Results showed that zinc supplementation significantly reduced both physical and psychological PMS symptoms, increased total antioxidant capacity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, but had no significant effect on high sensitivity reactive protein. The findings suggest that 12 weeks of zinc supplementation can have beneficial effects on PMS symptoms, antioxidant capacity, and neurotrophic factors in young women.

                            Scientific Research on Alternative Medicine

                            Delve into the evolving landscape of scientific research on alternative medicine, exploring innovative therapies and their efficacy in complementing traditional healthcare approaches.

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                            Research Publications on Hegu Acupressure for Menstrual Comfort

                            Acupressure at Hegu points significantly reduces menstrual pain and distress in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea, offering an effective non-pharmacological treatment.

                            Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao matched points and Hegu, Zusanli single point; Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2010; Link

                            The study compares the effects of acupressure at Hegu, Sanyinjiao, and Zusanli points on menstrual distress, pain, and anxiety in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea. It was a single-blind randomized experimental study involving 134 participants. Results showed that acupressure at Hegu and Sanyinjiao matched points significantly reduced pain, distress, and anxiety, while Hegu alone also reduced pain. Zusanli point acupressure showed no significant benefits. The study concludes acupressure, especially at Hegu and Sanyinjiao points, is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for primary dysmenorrhea.

                            The Acupressure Effect on Hegu Points and Sanyinjio Points on Reducing the Level of Menstruation Pain.; The 2nd Virtual Gorontalo International Nursing Conference, 2021; Link

                            This study investigates the efficacy of acupressure, a Chinese medical technique that applies pressure to specific body points, in alleviating menstrual pain without using pharmaceuticals. Unlike acupuncture, acupressure uses fingers or blunt objects instead of needles. Focusing on the Hegu and Sanyinjiao points, the research employs a quasi-experimental design with 60 participants from SMP AL-MIFTAH 2 Karang Penang, selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from a total of 97. The study measures dysmenorrhea pain levels using the NRS pain scale and analyzes the data with Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T-Test, setting a significance level at α ≤ 0.05. Results indicate a significant reduction in menstrual pain intensity in both acupressure groups: from 5.53 to 3.00 in the Hegu group, and from 5.47 to 2.13 in the Sanyinjiao group. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups' effectiveness in pain reduction. The study concludes that acupressure at both Hegu and Sanyinjiao points effectively reduces dysmenorrhea, suggesting a viable non-pharmacological treatment option for menstrual pain.

                            Research Publications on Meditation for Sleep

                            Meditation, particularly Vipassana and transcendental techniques, significantly impacts sleep quality by inducing a state of "restful alertness," enhancing deep rest phases like slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This contributes to maintaining youthful sleep patterns and stabilizing consciousness during sleep.

                            Furthermore, meditation improves autonomic functions and hormonal regulation during sleep, including better sympatho-vagal balance and increased melatonin levels, which may improve sleep quality and address rhythm disorders.

                            Meditation and Its Regulatory Role on Sleep; Frontiers in Neurology, 2012; Link

                            This review explores the impact of meditation, particularly Vipassana and transcendental meditation, on sleep quality. Meditation practices have been found to induce a state of "restful alertness," reducing heart rate and enhancing wakefulness, which contributes to deep rest. Studies indicate that meditation can increase time in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and enhance rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, suggesting it stabilizes higher consciousness during sleep and maintains youthful sleep patterns against age-related declines. Meditation also modulates autonomic functions during sleep, promoting sympatho-vagal balance, and regulates stress hormones and melatonin levels. Increased melatonin with meditation practices may improve sleep quality and address sleep rhythm disorders. Overall, meditation offers a comprehensive approach to improving sleep through its effects on brain functions, autonomic activity, and hormonal regulation, making it a viable intervention for better sleep quality.

                            The effect of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2019; Link

                            This study investigated the impact of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality, comparing its effectiveness against both specific active controls (like evidence-based sleep treatments) and nonspecific active controls (such as placebo-equivalent interventions). From an initial pool of 3303 records, 18 trials involving 1654 participants were analyzed. The evaluation of these studies' outcomes was based on risk of bias, directness, consistency, and precision of results. The findings indicated that mindfulness meditation did not significantly affect sleep quality when compared with specific active controls, both immediately after treatment and at follow-up. However, against nonspecific active controls, mindfulness meditation showed a moderate improvement in sleep quality post-intervention and at follow-up. These results suggest mindfulness meditation could be beneficial for improving sleep in some cases, highlighting the need for further research to confirm these findings and explore potential applications.

                              Research Publications on Meditation for Stress and Mood

                              Brief daily meditation practices, even as short as 13 to 15 minutes, significantly improve mood, cognitive functions, and emotional processing in individuals with no prior meditation experience.

                              Studies have shown that these practices lead to enhancements in attention, working memory, recognition memory, and the ability to handle emotional intensity. Moreover, loving-kindness meditation (LKM) has been found to have a medium effect on daily positive emotions, suggesting its efficacy in fostering positive emotional states.

                              These findings underscore the value of incorporating brief meditation practices into daily routines for improving psychological well-being and emotional health, offering an accessible method for individuals to enhance emotional processing and cognitive performance without extensive meditation experience.

                              Brief, daily meditation enhances attention, memory, mood, and emotional regulation in non-experienced meditators; Behavioural Brain Research, 2019; Link

                              This study explored the impact of a short, daily meditation practice on cognitive and emotional functioning in individuals with no prior meditation experience. Participants aged 18–45 were randomly assigned to either a 13-minute daily guided meditation or a 13-minute daily podcast listening (control group) for 8 weeks. The research aimed to compare the effects of meditation to podcast listening on various parameters including mood, cognitive functions related to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, baseline cortisol levels, and emotional regulation assessed through the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Findings indicated that after 8 weeks (but not 4 weeks), the meditation group experienced a decrease in negative mood states, improvements in attention, working memory, and recognition memory, as well as reduced anxiety during the TSST. The study also found that changes in emotional regulation attributed to meditation were more closely associated with enhanced emotional states than with cognitive improvements. This suggests that even brief daily meditation practices, as short as 13 minutes, can yield significant benefits in mood and cognitive functions similar to those observed with longer and more intensive meditation practices, particularly for those new to meditation.

                              Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Emotion Processing; Front Neurosci. 2019; Link

                              This study assessed the impact of a 15-minute Brief Mindfulness Meditation (BMM) technique, JW2016, on mood and emotion processing among 46 young adults. Developed from Anapanasati breath meditation, JW2016 aims to provide an accessible mindfulness practice. Participants were divided into a BMM group and an emotional regulation education (ERE) control group, with interventions conducted daily for a week. The BMM group showed significant improvements in handling emotional intensity, memory, and attention bias towards negative stimuli, with no adverse mood effects. In contrast, the ERE group did not exhibit these benefits. This suggests JW2016 as an effective, convenient mindfulness method for enhancing emotional processing without negative emotional impacts.

                              The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review; Frontiers in Psychology, 2015; Link

                              This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on positive emotions across 24 studies involving 1,759 participants. The analysis aimed to assess how LKM affects daily and immediate positive emotions, with further exploration into how variations across LKM interventions influence outcomes. Findings indicated medium effect sizes for LKM on daily positive emotions and varied effect sizes for immediate positive emotions during practice. Notably, interventions focused on loving-kindness had a medium effect, while those on compassion showed smaller effects. The duration of interventions and meditation practice time did not significantly alter effect sizes, but interventions lacking didactic components had smaller effects. The review suggests that LKM effectively enhances positive emotions, highlighting the need for more research to identify key components of LKM interventions, differentiate psychological operations, and explore clinical applications. This work contributes to understanding LKM's potential in promoting positive emotional states and offers insights for future research directions in the field.

                                Research Publications on Music for Emotion Regulation and Stress Reduction

                                Music therapy has profound effects on emotion regulation (ER) and stress reduction, leveraging its influence on neural activation patterns associated with emotional processing. Positive emotional outcomes are associated with engaging in activities like listening to preferred music, singing, and improvising, especially among musicians.

                                A Systematic Review on the Neural Effects of Music on Emotion Regulation: Implications for Music Therapy Practice; Journal of Music Therapy, 2013; Link

                                This systematic review delves into the relationship between music, emotion regulation (ER), and their neural underpinnings, aiming to enhance understanding of how music and musical experiences can affect brain structures involved in ER. The findings highlight that certain characteristics of music and musical experiences can lead to desired or undesired neural activation patterns related to ER. Positive effects on ER were associated with listening to preferred and familiar music, singing, and improvising (particularly among musicians). Conversely, complexity, dissonance, and unexpected musical events in music were linked to undesired neural activation patterns. It underscores the potential of music as a tool for enhancing emotional well-being, suggesting clinical implications for structuring music stimuli in therapy to support individuals in managing their emotions more effectively.

                                Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis; Health Psychology Review, 2022; Link

                                A multilevel meta-analysis of 47 studies involving 2,747 participants revealed that music therapy has a medium-to-large effect on reducing physiological and psychological stress (d = .723). The analysis highlighted that clinical controlled trials (CCTs) showed larger effects compared to randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and interventions were more effective when compared with waiting list controls rather than care as usual (CAU) or other interventions. Notably, studies conducted in Non-Western countries reported greater effectiveness. These findings underscore the potential of music therapy in stress management, advocating for its integration into clinical practice and future research to further explore its benefits and mechanisms.

                                  Research Publications on Music for Pain Management

                                  Music therapy, including classical music therapy and active musical engagement, has demonstrated significant efficacy in pain and anxiety management across various studies. It promotes relaxation, mood alteration, and a sense of control, making it a valuable non-pharmacological method for treating pain. 

                                  Music Therapy in Pain Management; Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 1986; Link

                                  The research indicates that music therapy is a nonpharmacologic method that can be used to treat pain and suffering. Music therapy aims to promote relaxation, alteration in mood, a sense of control and self expression. Music therapy techniques are individually devised, consideration given to patient's physical, emotional and psychological needs, coping abilities and prior musical experiences. Active involvement is encouraged to facilitate cognitive and emotional expression as well as involvement in pain management.

                                  The Role of Classical Music Therapy on Dysmenorrhea Pain and Anxiety in Pelita Harapan University Medical Students Medicinus, 2023; Link

                                  The study explored the efficacy of classical music therapy in alleviating dysmenorrhea pain and anxiety among young women, specifically targeting medical students at Pelita Harapan University. Through an experimental design with random allocation, 122 participants were divided into a control group, which received a 40Hz sound treatment, and an intervention group, which was treated with classical music therapy for 20 minutes during the first day of menstruation. The intervention demonstrated a notable decrease in menstrual pain for the classical music therapy group, with average pain scores dropping from 6.46 before the intervention to 3.39 afterwards. Conversely, the control group saw a minimal reduction in pain, from an average of 6.11 to 6.07. The study concluded that classical music therapy significantly reduces menstrual pain by an average of 3.07 points and anxiety by 0.77, with a statistically significant P value of <0.001. These findings suggest that classical music therapy could be a valuable non-pharmacological approach to managing dysmenorrhea symptoms.

                                  Performance of Music Elevates Pain Threshold and Positive Affect: Implications for the Evolutionary Function of Music; Sage Journals, 2012; Link

                                  The study investigates how music influences endorphin release and its subsequent effect on pain tolerance and emotional states, with a focus on the distinction between the passive listening to and active performance of music. Through four experiments involving different musical activities (singing, drumming, dancing, and listening with varying tempos), the study examines the impact on pain threshold as an assay for central nervous system (CNS) endorphin release. Key findings from the experiments demonstrate that active musical engagement (singing, drumming, and dancing) significantly increases pain tolerance, presumably due to endorphin release, compared to passive listening or control conditions involving no musical engagement. The study also notes an elevated positive affect in participants engaged in active music performance, suggesting a distinct pleasure or 'high' associated with such activities, potentially mediated by endorphins. These results highlight the powerful role of active music-making in fostering social bonding and community cohesion, attributed to the physical exertion and emotional engagement involved. The study supports the theory that music's capacity to enhance community bonds and individual well-being is rooted in its ability to trigger endorphin release, thereby reducing pain and enhancing positive emotional states. The implications suggest that music, particularly its active performance, may play a critical role in social and therapeutic contexts by leveraging the endorphin system for pain management and emotional regulation.

                                  The effects of music listening on the management of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled clinical trialNordic Journal of Music Therapy, 2020; Link

                                  This study investigated the effect of music listening on pain management in women with primary dysmenorrhea (PD), comparing it to a control group exposed to silence. The intervention, applied during the first 12 hours of menstruation, involved the music group listening to a C major composition at 60 beats per minute without percussion or lyrics, while the control group was subjected to silence, with both interventions lasting approximately 29 minutes and participants wearing headphones. The study's outcomes revealed that the music group experienced a significant reduction in pain (with adjusted mean pain scores significantly lower at 3.13) compared to the silence group (with adjusted mean pain scores at 4.56, p = 0.006). Furthermore, participants in the music group were significantly more likely to reduce their use of analgesics post-intervention (OR 5.4). These findings suggest that music listening can effectively decrease pain and the subsequent need for analgesics in women suffering from PD, highlighting music's potential as a non-pharmacological intervention for pain management in PD.

                                    Research Publications on Music for Sleep Quality Improvement

                                    Music therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders: A meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies; International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2014; Link

                                    The systematic review analyzed the impact of passive music listening on sleep quality in adults, drawing on data from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Including ten randomized controlled trials with 557 participants, the review found that music significantly enhanced sleep quality (standard mean difference: −0.63; 95% CI: −0.92 to −0.34; p < 0.001), despite notable heterogeneity among the studies. Subgroup analysis attributed this heterogeneity to differences in sleep quality assessment methods (objective vs. subjective) and follow-up durations. Importantly, the review discovered that music has a cumulative dose effect on chronic sleep disorders, highlighting that a follow-up period exceeding three weeks is crucial to evaluate music's effectiveness fully. This suggests music as a beneficial intervention for individuals with acute and chronic sleep disturbances, emphasizing its potential for incorporation into therapeutic practices for sleep improvement.

                                     

                                      Research Publications on Sanyinjiao Acupressure for Menstrual Comfort

                                      Across several studies, acupressure, particularly at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) point, has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. These findings highlight acupressure as a cost-effective, non-pharmacological method for managing menstrual pain. 

                                      Effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial; Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2010; Link

                                      This study evaluated the impact of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on alleviating primary dysmenorrhea among 86 student participants. The study divided participants into two groups: one receiving genuine acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point and the other receiving sham acupressure as a control. The severity of dysmenorrhea was measured before the intervention, then 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after the intervention, with data analysis performed using SPSS. Initially, both groups experienced a decrease in dysmenorrhea severity right after the intervention during their first menstrual cycle, though the difference was not statistically significant. However, as time progressed (30 minutes to 3 hours post-intervention), the study group reported a more significant reduction in pain than the control group, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). This pattern of significant pain reduction in the study group compared to the control group persisted into the second menstrual cycle at all evaluated time points after the intervention. The findings suggest that acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point is a viable, cost-effective, and efficient method for reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea.

                                      Effectiveness of SP6 (Sanyinjiao) acupressure for relief of primary dysmenorrhea symptoms: A systematic review with meta- and sensitivity analyses; Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2016; Link

                                      This review evaluated the effectiveness of SP6 (Sanyinjiao) acupressure for relieving primary dysmenorrhea (PD) symptoms, involving 461 participants across six studies. The analysis found that professional application of SP6 acupressure significantly reduced pain intensity immediately and up to three hours post-treatment. However, self-administered acupressure required multiple sessions over several months to reduce pain. Despite promising results, the studies were generally of low quality with a high risk of bias, highlighting the need for high-quality research before making definitive recommendations.

                                      Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao matched points and Hegu, Zusanli single point; Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2010; Link

                                      The study compares the effects of acupressure at Hegu, Sanyinjiao, and Zusanli points on menstrual distress, pain, and anxiety in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea. It was a single-blind randomized experimental study involving 134 participants. Results showed that acupressure at Hegu and Sanyinjiao matched points significantly reduced pain, distress, and anxiety, while Hegu alone also reduced pain. Zusanli point acupressure showed no significant benefits. The study concludes acupressure, especially at Hegu and Sanyinjiao points, is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for primary dysmenorrhea.

                                      Acupuncture or Acupressure at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) Acupoint for the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Meta-Analysis; Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013; Link

                                      The findings suggest that acupressure at the SP6 acupoint may provide more effective pain relief than that of control treatment.

                                      The Acupressure Effect on Hegu Points and Sanyinjio Points on Reducing the Level of Menstruation Pain.; The 2nd Virtual Gorontalo International Nursing Conference, 2021; Link

                                      This study investigates the efficacy of acupressure, a Chinese medical technique that applies pressure to specific body points, in alleviating menstrual pain without using pharmaceuticals. Unlike acupuncture, acupressure uses fingers or blunt objects instead of needles. Focusing on the Hegu and Sanyinjiao points, the research employs a quasi-experimental design with 60 participants from SMP AL-MIFTAH 2 Karang Penang, selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from a total of 97. The study measures dysmenorrhea pain levels using the NRS pain scale and analyzes the data with Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T-Test, setting a significance level at α ≤ 0.05. Results indicate a significant reduction in menstrual pain intensity in both acupressure groups: from 5.53 to 3.00 in the Hegu group, and from 5.47 to 2.13 in the Sanyinjiao group. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups' effectiveness in pain reduction. The study concludes that acupressure at both Hegu and Sanyinjiao points effectively reduces dysmenorrhea, suggesting a viable non-pharmacological treatment option for menstrual pain.

                                      Scientific Research on Exercises

                                      Investigate the latest scientific research on exercises tailored for menstrual health, examining how physical activity can alleviate symptoms, regulate cycles, and enhance overall well-being.

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                                      Research Publications on Aerobic Exercise for Menstrual Health

                                      These studies collectively demonstrate that regular aerobic exercise significantly improves physical and psychological symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), including pain, mood disturbances, anger, and depression. Findings across different age groups and exercise intensities indicate that exercise, particularly aerobic, can be an effective non-pharmacological treatment option for managing PMS symptoms, with benefits observed in both athlete and non-athlete populations.

                                      Effect of exercise on premenstrual symptoms: A systematic review; Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2020; Link

                                      This systematic review aimed to explore the impact of exercise on premenstrual symptoms, drawing on a broad range of international databases including EBSCO Host, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar, with a search window up until 30 April 2018. The findings suggest that exercise notably improves both physical symptoms—such as pain, constipation, and breast sensitivity—and psychological symptoms, including anxiety and anger, associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). While the effect of exercise on other PMS symptoms remains less clear, the overall evidence indicates a symptom-reducing benefit. Consequently, exercise emerges as a valuable and effective strategy for mitigating premenstrual symptoms among women suffering from PMS.

                                      Aerobic exercise, mood states and menstrual cycle symptoms. J Psychosom Res, 1994; Link

                                      This study focused on the impact of regular, moderate exercise on mood states and symptoms across the menstrual cycle in two groups of women: 97 regular exercisers and 159 non-exercisers. Participants responded to the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV) during premenstrual, menstrual, and intermenstrual phases. The findings, based on Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVAs), highlighted significant positive effects of regular exercise on reducing negative mood states and physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. Specifically, regular exercisers reported significantly lower levels of impaired concentration, negative affect, behavior changes, and pain compared to non-exercisers. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of positive affect and some other physical symptoms. This suggests that engaging in regular, moderate exercise can be beneficial in mitigating certain negative aspects of the menstrual cycle, particularly mood disturbances and specific physical symptoms.

                                      The effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome; Nursing Practice Today, 2017; Link

                                      This study aimed to assess the impact of a regular 8-week aerobic exercise program on the psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among 65 dormitory students at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through available sampling and divided into an intervention group, which undertook aerobic exercises three times a week for 20 minutes each session, and a control group, which did not participate in the exercise program. The study measured psychological symptoms of PMS at the beginning and end of the study period using daily symptom records. Results indicated that, post-intervention, the intervention group showed significant improvements in four out of ten psychological symptoms measured: anger outbreaks, loneliness, irritability, and mood swings, with mood fluctuations showing a significant difference when comparing pre and post scores between the two groups. This suggests that an 8-week aerobic exercise program can effectively reduce certain psychological symptoms of PMS, highlighting the potential of incorporating regular aerobic exercise into treatment plans for managing PMS symptoms.

                                      The effects of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms in middle-aged women: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res, 1993; Link

                                      This study examined the impact of aerobic exercise and strength training on premenstrual symptoms in 23 healthy premenopausal women. Assessments were made at the start and after three months of participating in either an aerobic or non-aerobic (strength training) exercise program. Findings indicated that women in the aerobic exercise group significantly improved their aerobic capacity, unlike those in the non-aerobic exercise group. Overall, both forms of exercise led to improvements in many premenstrual symptoms, but the aerobic exercise group saw more comprehensive benefits, particularly in reducing premenstrual depression. This suggests that while both aerobic and strength training exercises can alleviate premenstrual symptoms, aerobic exercise may be more effective in addressing certain symptoms, including depression.

                                      Effect of two intensity of aerobic exercise on clinical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in fertile women; Middle East Fertil Soc J., 2012; Link

                                      This study explored the impact of different intensities of regular aerobic exercise on the clinical symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). It was a semi-experimental investigation involving 90 women with an average age of 27.1±10.96 years, all of whom reported symptoms of PMS such as negative mood, discomfort, and edema, and had no history of any disease. Participants were divided into three groups: a high-intensity exercise group, a moderate-intensity exercise group, both consisting of 30 members each, and a control group that did not engage in any exercise. Over a period of three months, with sessions held three times a week, symptoms were reassessed across all groups. The study employed MANOVA for statistical analysis and found that symptoms of PMS significantly decreased in both experimental groups post-exercise, with no significant difference in the level of symptom reduction between the high and moderate-intensity exercise groups. Importantly, Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to have no impact on the incidence rate of PMS. The findings suggest that regular aerobic exercise, irrespective of intensity, is beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of PMS, highlighting its potential as a non-pharmacological treatment option.

                                      The effects of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in non-athlete girls. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res., 2013; Link

                                      This study aimed to investigate the impact of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms in non-athlete girls. Conducted at Khorasgan Azad University with 40 participants aged 18-25 diagnosed with PMS, the research utilized a quasi-experimental design. Tools such as the DSM-IV premenstrual symptoms form, GHQ 28, and Beck Depression and Anxiety questionnaires were employed, alongside a 4-month symptom diary. The experimental group engaged in 60 minutes of aerobic exercise three times weekly. Assessments at the beginning, middle, and end of the study period indicated significant reductions in PMS and related symptoms within the experimental group, with statistical analysis confirming the effectiveness of the intervention (P ≤ 0.001). Consequently, the study concludes that an 8-week aerobic exercise program can significantly alleviate PMS symptoms, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option.

                                      Research Publications on Pilates for Menstrual Health

                                      Studies indicate that Pilates exercises significantly reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among women, offering a non-pharmacological treatment option. The findings from a quasi-experimental study and a randomized control trial both highlight the effectiveness of Pilates, with additional benefits observed when combined with vitamin E consumption, in alleviating both mood and physical symptoms associated with PMS, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic intervention.

                                      Effect of pilates exercises on premenstrual syndrome symptoms: a quasi-experimental study; Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2021; Link

                                      This study explored the impact of Pilates exercises on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms among midwifery students at Istanbul University Faculty of Health Sciences. It employed a quasi-experimental design with a sample of 50 students, divided equally into an experimental group, which practiced Pilates exercises for three months, and a control group, which did not alter their routine habits. The severity of PMS symptoms was assessed using the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), where higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. Results showed no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the groups. However, by the study's conclusion, the experimental group exhibited a significant reduction in PMSS scores compared to the control group (p < 0.001), indicating a substantial decrease in PMS symptoms. The control group's PMSS scores remained unchanged. These findings suggest that Pilates exercises can significantly alleviate PMS symptoms, highlighting their potential as a non-pharmacological treatment option for managing PMS.

                                      Effects of Pilates and Vitamin E on Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome; Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery, 2016; Link

                                      This study aimed to assess the impact of Pilates exercise and vitamin E consumption on the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) among non-athletic female students diagnosed with moderate to severe PMS at the University of Ayatollah Boroujerdi. The 40 participants were randomly divided into four groups: Pilates, Pilates with vitamin E, vitamin E alone, and a control group with no intervention. The Pilates groups engaged in workouts three times a week for four weeks, and the vitamin E groups consumed one vitamin E tablet daily. The severity of PMS symptoms was evaluated using a screening questionnaire both before and after the intervention. The study found that both the Pilates group and the vitamin E group experienced significant reductions in the intensity of mood and physical symptoms, as well as the impact of these symptoms on their daily lives, compared to their baseline levels and the control group. These results suggest that engaging in Pilates exercises and/or consuming vitamin E can effectively improve PMS symptoms.

                                      Research Publications on Yoga for Menstrual Health

                                      These studies collectively illustrate the beneficial effects of yoga and aerobic exercise on managing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and primary dysmenorrhea, with yoga consistently showing significant advantages in reducing symptoms and enhancing quality of life.

                                      While both aerobic exercise and yoga effectively reduce pain and PMS symptoms, yoga demonstrates a superior capability in alleviating a wider range of PMS symptoms and improving psychological well-being in individuals with menstrual irregularities.

                                      Specific yoga poses and Yoga Nidra are highlighted as effective interventions for reducing menstrual pain and improving overall psychological and physical health, suggesting yoga as a potent, non-pharmacological treatment option for menstrual health issues.

                                      To compare the effects of aerobic exercise and yoga on Premenstrual syndrome. J Educ Health Promot, 2019; Link

                                      The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of aerobic exercise and yoga in treating Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), a condition affecting up to 80% of women in their reproductive years, characterized by a range of emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Seventy-two participants diagnosed with PMS were randomized into two groups: one receiving aerobic exercise and the other yoga movements, both for 40 minutes, three times a week for one month. Outcomes measured included pain intensity via the Visual Analog Scale and overall PMS symptoms. Both interventions significantly reduced pain and PMS symptoms, but yoga proved more effective in alleviating PMS symptoms than aerobic exercise, although both treatments showed no significant difference in reducing pain intensity. The study concludes that while both aerobic exercise and yoga are beneficial for PMS management, yoga may offer a superior reduction in PMS symptoms.

                                      Effect of three yoga poses (cobra, cat and fish poses) in women with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 2011; Link

                                      This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of yoga in reducing the severity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea, a prevalent issue affecting 50% of female adolescents and women of reproductive age. Through a randomized control trial involving 92 girl students aged 18-22, the research compared the effects of three specific yoga poses (Cobra, Cat, and Fish Poses) on pain intensity and duration during menstruation. Participants were divided into an experimental group (n=50) and a control group (n=42), with assessments over three menstrual cycles. The experimental group practiced the yoga poses during the luteal phase, while both groups completed questionnaires on menstrual characteristics. Results showed a significant reduction in pain intensity and duration in the yoga group compared to the control group (P < 0.05), suggesting that yoga is a safe and effective treatment for primary dysmenorrhea.

                                      Impact of Yoga Nidra on psychological general wellbeing in patients with menstrual irregularities: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga, 2011; Link

                                      This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Yoga Nidra, a form of yogic relaxation therapy, on the psychological wellbeing of patients with menstrual disorders. Conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of C.S.M. Medical University in Lucknow, India, the study involved 150 female subjects divided into two groups: a Yoga group receiving yogic intervention and a control group without such intervention. Psychological assessments were conducted at the start and after six months, focusing on general wellbeing, anxiety, depression, positive wellbeing, general health, and vitality. The results showed significant improvements in the Yoga group: anxiety and depression levels decreased markedly (P<0.003 and P<0.01, respectively), while positive wellbeing, general health, and vitality saw significant enhancements (P<0.02 and P<0.01). These findings indicate that Yoga Nidra can be an effective complementary treatment for psychological issues associated with menstrual irregularities, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic tool in managing menstrual-related psychological distress.

                                      Effect of Yoga Exercise on Premenstrual Symptoms among Female Employees in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016; Link

                                      A study in Taiwan on 64 women found that a 12-week yoga program significantly reduced menstrual pain, decreased the use of analgesics, and improved symptoms like abdominal swelling, breast tenderness, and cramps. Post-intervention, improvements were also noted in physical function, bodily pain, and other health-related quality of life aspects measured by the SF-36 scale. The findings suggest that yoga is effective in alleviating premenstrual symptoms and enhancing overall health, indicating its potential as a beneficial wellness activity for women experiencing premenstrual distress.

                                      Yoga and Quality of Life in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review. J Midwifery Womens Health, 2018; Link

                                      This article presents a systematic review examining the effectiveness of yoga in improving the quality of life (QOL) for women with primary dysmenorrhea, a common condition causing pain and associated social and psychological distress. Following PRISMA guidelines, databases such as Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed were searched, resulting in 14 eligible studies (including 8 RCTs and 6 quasi-experimental studies) that demonstrated statistically significant QOL improvements across various domains such as physical pain, sleep, and social relationships. The studies, predominantly moderate in quality with a moderate risk of bias, suggest yoga as a safe and effective method for managing primary dysmenorrhea. However, the article calls for more extensive, high-quality RCTs to fully understand yoga's clinical significance in this context.

                                      Scientific Research on Cognitive and Creative Activities

                                      Exploring research on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and creative activities shows their effectiveness in treating psychological disorders and improving mental health outcomes.

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                                      Research Publications on Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Menstrual Health

                                      Research studies collectively demonstrate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual disorders (PMDs). Despite some study limitations, CBT significantly reduces anxiety, depression, and the impact of symptoms on daily life, indicating meaningful clinical improvements.

                                      Psychological intervention for premenstrual syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; Psychother Psychosom, 2008; Link

                                      This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of psychological interventions for premenstrual syndrome (PMS), analyzing nine randomized trials, including five focusing on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Despite low-quality evidence due to design flaws and potential reporting bias, findings suggest CBT significantly alleviates anxiety and depression associated with PMS, with effect sizes indicating meaningful clinical improvements. The analysis also hints at CBT's potential benefits for behavioral changes and reducing the impact of symptoms on daily activities, although support for other forms of therapy, like monitoring, was limited and education was found ineffective.

                                      Evaluation of the relative efficacy of a couple cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for Premenstrual Disorders (PMDs), in comparison to one-to-one CBT and a wait list control: A randomized controlled trial. Randomized Controlled Trial, 2017; Link

                                      In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), the efficacy of couple-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for Premenstrual Disorders (PMDs) was compared to one-to-one CBT and a wait-list control. Eighty-three women participated, with 63 completing post-intervention measures, yielding a retention rate of 76%. Results indicated that both CBT conditions led to significant reductions in premenstrual symptoms, emotional reactivity, and distress compared to the control group. Additionally, the couple-based CBT group showed significantly higher levels of active behavioral coping post-intervention. Qualitative analysis revealed increased awareness and understanding of premenstrual changes, as well as improved communication and relationship dynamics post-intervention, particularly in the couple-based CBT group. These findings suggest that both one-to-one and couple-based CBT interventions can effectively alleviate PMDs, with couple-based CBT offering additional benefits, particularly in terms of behavioral coping and relationship dynamics.

                                      Research Publications on Creative Activity for Mood Health

                                       

                                      Exploring the impact of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) and puzzle solving on mood health reveals promising outcomes. Research indicates these creative activities significantly reduce stress, anxiety, and depression in university students and adults, emphasizing their importance in mental health care strategies. Incorporating mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) and puzzle solving into strategies for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) management could offer relief for common symptoms like mood swings, anxiety, and depression.

                                      Distinguishing difference through determining the mechanistic properties of mindfulness based art therapy; Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2023; Link

                                      This study explores the impact of an online program offering art therapy to university students for managing stress and anxiety through self-care techniques. Participants aged 18 to 26 were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) group, a mindfulness-only group, a neutral clay task (NCT) group, or a control group. The inclusion of NCT and mindfulness-only groups helped to isolate the effects of art materials and mindfulness techniques. Through self-reports and salivary cortisol analysis, the study assessed the interventions' impact on anxiety, stress, and physiological stress markers. Findings indicate that MBAT is as beneficial as other online mental health interventions like CBT and mindfulness in enhancing mental health. The trial showed significant improvements in stress, depression, and sleep quality post-intervention, highlighting the effectiveness of online art-related interventions in proactively addressing the mental health needs of Generation Z college students.

                                      The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial; Frontiers in Psychology, 2019; Link

                                      The study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of anthroposophic art therapy (AT) in reducing anxiety symptoms among adult women diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or panic disorder. Through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing AT to a waiting list (WL) condition, the research aimed to assess AT's impact on anxiety severity, quality of life, and emotion regulation. The study involved women aged 18–65 years with moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. Results from both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses indicated that AT was significantly more effective than WL in reducing anxiety symptoms, enhancing subjective quality of life, and improving emotion regulation, with these effects persisting at a 3-month follow-up. The findings suggest that AT, specifically anthroposophic AT, can be a beneficial treatment option for anxiety, warranting further research on its cost-effectiveness and comparison with active control conditions.

                                      Effectiveness of mindfulness-based art therapy for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 2020Link

                                      This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the impact of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) on individuals with chronic medical conditions, focusing on its effectiveness in reducing psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physical symptoms (e.g., fatigue), thereby enhancing quality of life (QOL). The analysis included 14 studies involving adolescents and adults, demonstrating that MBAT participants experienced significant improvements in psychological and physical symptomatology compared to control groups, with a medium effect size for MBAT interventions. The findings underscore MBAT's potential as a promising complementary therapy for symptom relief. However, the review highlighted the need for further research, given the limited number of studies and their concentration on cancer survivors. Future randomized controlled trials with larger samples and diverse chronic conditions are recommended to substantiate MBAT's efficacy and broaden its applicability.